{
  "abstract": "The activation of a K channel with 2 voltage sensors and a separate opening step may be described by a 4 state kinetic equation. If $k_{o}$ and $k_{c}$ are the opening and closing rates, and $α$ and $β$ are the voltage sensor rates such that $k_{o}$ $\\ggα,k_{c}\\ggβ$ and $k_{o}$ $\\gg k_{c}$, the kinetic equation may be reduced to a 3 state model where the effective backward rate from the activated-open state is $2βk_{c}/(k_{o}+k_{c})$. However, if a K channel voltage sensor activates in 2 stages, and there is a separate opening step, the occupation probabilities of the states of the channel satisfy a 10 state kinetic equation. When the time constants of the characteristic equation for each voltage sensor differ by an order of magnitude, and $k_{o}$ $\\gg k_{c}$, the open state probability is proportional to $n^{2}$, where $n$ satisfies a rate equation, and the derived rates have a similar voltage dependence to the rates $α_{n}$ and $β_{n}$ from voltage clamp data.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2611.08354",
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "S. R. Vaccaro"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zxzst4x59nfr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2611.08354",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7zxzst4x59nfr",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.08354",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "q-bio.BM"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.08354",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zxzst4x59nfr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T18:21:35Z",
      "native_id": "2611.08354",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.08354"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "arxiv:q-bio.BM",
      "subfield": "biophysics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Kinetic models of a K channel with 2 stage voltage sensor activation and an opening step",
  "title_text": "Kinetic models of a K channel with 2 stage voltage sensor activation and an opening step",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T00:20:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zxzst4x59nfr",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}