{
  "abstract": "Echo state networks (ESNs) are efficient, neuro-inspired computational frameworks well suited to time-series data. However, ESN decision confidence is typically quantified in limited ways. We propose an explicit decision-confidence readout neuron, trained from decision readout outputs, to continuously monitor confidence as decisions form. In a simulated decision task, confidence activity increased with stimulus strength, linking greater discriminability to higher confidence. We then evaluated the model on EEG-based motor imagery classification, showing that confidence activity increased with decision accuracy and discriminated correct from error decisions, particularly in higher-performing participants, reflecting human-like metacognition. Overall, this approach enables continual monitoring of decision confidence, supporting more trustworthy ESN decisions, particularly in biomedical applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ulster University"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "E. Lemoine"
    },
    {
      "name": "B. Lenfesty"
    },
    {
      "name": "U. K. N. Mudavath"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Bhattacharyya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "K. Wong-Lin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/815454kjwk6gr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.08.31.748424",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.748424v1.full",
  "id": "815454kjwk6gr",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.748424v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1702|Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7208788262",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.748424v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-31",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/815454kjwk6gr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:28Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.08.31.748424",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.748424v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Decision Confidence Neuron in Echo State Network for Continual Evaluation of EEG Motor Imagery Classification Quality",
  "title_text": "Decision Confidence Neuron in Echo State Network for Continual Evaluation of EEG Motor Imagery Classification Quality",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/815454kjwk6gr",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}