{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet many patients are platinum-ineligible. We compared outcomes of neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus platinum-based NAC.\n\nMethods: This single-institution comparative cohort study compared a prospective immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) cohort (n=11) receiving nivolumab (1 mg/kg) plus ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) against a retrospective platinum-based NAC cohort (n=30). Propensity score-based overlap weighting was used to reduce measured confounding. Main outcomes included pathologic complete response (pCR), downstaging (<ypT2N0), and overall survival (OS).\n\nResults: Among surgically evaluable patients (ICI n=9; NAC n=30), pCR rates were 22.2% and 26.7%, respectively (p=1.00), and downstaging rates were 44.4% and 50.0% (p=1.00). Propensity-weighted analyses likewise showed no statistically significant differences in pathologic response. In the total ICI cohort (n=11), four patients (36.4%) did not complete all four planned cycles, including three because of grade 3 immune-related toxicity and one who died following an on-treatment acute myocardial infarction. At a median follow-up of 58.3 months in the ICI cohort, no recurrences were observed among the nine surgically treated patients during the available follow-up, compared with nine recurrences (30.0%) in the NAC cohort. Two-year OS was 100% in the ICI group and approximately 80% in the NAC group (log-rank p=0.18).\n\nConclusion: Neoadjuvant dual ICI demonstrated pathologic activity, with response rates numerically within the range observed with standard NAC. Clinically meaningful immune-related adverse events were observed in the ICI cohort; however, no recurrences were observed among surgically treated ICI patients during the available follow-up. These findings support further investigation of dual ICI as a potential option when platinum-based NAC is not feasible or is declined.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Department of Nursing, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan",
    "Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Li-Hua Huang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4337-7230"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Min-Che Tung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Wei-Chun Weng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chao-Yu Hsu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yen-Chuan Ou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Chi-Chien Lin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83250nj3qk8zt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/cmar.s642002",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13738089/",
  "id": "83250nj3qk8zt",
  "issns": [
    "1179-1322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s642002",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225014234",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121687",
  "pmcid": "PMC13738089",
  "pmid": "42992115",
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83250nj3qk8zt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:23:08Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13738089",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s642002"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Neoadjuvant Nivolumab–Ipilimumab versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Single-Institution, Propensity-Weighted Cohort Study",
  "title_text": "Neoadjuvant Nivolumab–Ipilimumab versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Single-Institution, Propensity-Weighted Cohort Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:23:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83250nj3qk8zt",
  "venue": "Cancer Management and Research",
  "versions": []
}