{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nHispanic lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents experience elevated risks for HIV-related risk behaviors, drug use, and mental-health problems. These problems may be impacted by various family functioning behaviors (e.g., communication, parental involvement). However, existing family functioning measures may not adequately capture the culturally shaped, identity-specific family processes relevant to this population. Thus, we iteratively developed a user-informed measure of family functioning for Hispanic LGB adolescents.Methods\n\nThe study was conducted across phases from February to December 2025: (1) focus groups with Hispanic LGB adolescents to identify domains of family functioning and inform an initial item pool, (2) a modified Delphi panel of experts and community partners to evaluate feasibility and validity, and (3) cognitive interviews with Hispanic LGB adolescents to assess face validity.Results\n\nFocus groups identified five domains of family functioning: (1) communication about sexual orientation and identity, (2) emotional safety and selective disclosure in the family, (3) caregiver misattunement and invalidating communication, (4) cultural expectations and identity expression in the family, and (5) parental involvement, monitoring, and shared family life. The Delphi process refined an initial 32-item pool to 22 items, improving clarity, specificity, and cultural congruence. Cognitive interviews revealed that the developed items provided strong evidence of face validity and relevance; adolescents also provided suggestions for refinements that focused on identity expression and conditional acceptance. The final measure includes 23 items.Conclusions\n\nThis study produced a culturally responsive family functioning measure grounded in Hispanic LGB adolescents' lived experiences.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.",
    "School of Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.",
    "Behavioral Assessment Inc., Beverly Hills, CA, United States.",
    "YES Institute, Miami, FL, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alyssa Lozano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alexandra Torres Arsuaga"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Frank R Dillon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Richard C Cervantes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Joseph Zolobczuk"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Nikolas Montolio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Guillermo Prado"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83gp9r79jxecg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1970713",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683103",
  "id": "83gp9r79jxecg",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908743",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3207|LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220842753",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683103?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13683103",
  "pmid": "42908743",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83gp9r79jxecg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42908743",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908743"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1970713",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1970713/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2296-2565",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development of a family functioning measure for Hispanic lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents.",
  "title_text": "Development of a family functioning measure for Hispanic lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/83gp9r79jxecg",
  "venue": "Frontiers in public health",
  "versions": []
}