{
  "abstract": "Norovirus is a major cause of foodborne acute gastroenteritis, yet effective strategies to prevent norovirus infection have not been established. Given that an exopolysaccharide (EPS) can be orally consumed as a dietary component, we evaluated its potential to suppress norovirus replication in vitro. Here, we tested the antiviral effect of EPS derived from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (R-1 EPS) against murine norovirus (MNV) in vitro using the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7. Post-infection treatment significantly reduced the viral load of MNV in culture supernatants. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis showed that R-1 EPS treatment modulated MNV-induced host transcriptional responses, promoting preferential engagement of interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral and inflammatory pathways. Consistent with the microarray-based transcriptome analysis, expression analysis using ELISA and RT-qPCR indicated increased expression of IFN, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells treated with R-1 EPS. The results suggest that R-1 EPS modulated host innate immune responses, such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokine responses, during MNV infection, which may contribute to antiviral activity. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the host-directed antiviral effect of microbial EPS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan",
    "Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuyi Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shoko Ishii"
    },
    {
      "name": "Reiko Takai-Todaka"
    },
    {
      "name": "Miho Ogawa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Reiko Watanabe"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hiroshi Kano"
    },
    {
      "name": "Toshihiro Sashihara"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kenichi Hojo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kazuhiko Katayama"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kei Haga"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/84wqeac92dtpk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0356886",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "84wqeac92dtpk",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356886",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Probiotics and Fermented Foods"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Glycobiology/Polysaccharides/Exopolysaccharides"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Interferons"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Developmental biology/Molecular development/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune response"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune response/Antiviral immune response"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune response/Inflammation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system/Innate immune system/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Caliciviruses/Norovirus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Virology/Viral replication"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Caliciviruses/Norovirus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Caliciviruses/Norovirus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Immune physiology/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Clinical medicine/Signs and symptoms/Inflammation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune response"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune response/Antiviral immune response"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune response/Inflammation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune system/Innate immune system/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Caliciviruses/Norovirus"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7206187222",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0356886&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-02",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/84wqeac92dtpk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0356886",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356886"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1-derived exopolysaccharide suppresses murine norovirus replication by modulating innate immune response",
  "title_text": "Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1-derived exopolysaccharide suppresses murine norovirus replication by modulating innate immune response",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/84wqeac92dtpk",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}