{
  "abstract": "Pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy is a leading cause of sleep disordered breathing in children, yet the immune mechanisms sustaining tonsillar enlargement remain unclear. Using integrated single cell and spatial profiling of pediatric tonsils in a discovery cohort (n = 45) and independent validation cohort (n = 32), we identify a selective expansion and follicular retention of FCRL4+ memory B cells within the mantle zone of hypertrophic tonsils. These cells exhibit a quiescent, tissue-adapted phenotype characterized by NFATC1 repression and reciprocal RUNX1/RUNX2 regulation. Their accumulation is orchestrated by follicular type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, which engage CTLA-4/CD86 checkpoint interactions to suppress plasma cell differentiation and reinforce a local immune tolerance program. Together, these interactions establish a persistent follicular niche enriched in regulatory FCRL4+ memory B cells. Our findings delineate a mechanistic Tr1/FCRL4+ B cell axis underlying follicular hypertrophy and highlight potential immunomodulatory targets for nonsurgical management of pediatric sleep-disordered breathing.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea."
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "J. Y. Baik"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. W. Park"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Jin"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Koh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Y. Moon"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Seo"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Y. Shin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "C. Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Gu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "M. Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. H. Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "H. J. Kim"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/85r1vbss1smh1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.18.751603",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.18.751603v1.full",
  "id": "85r1vbss1smh1",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.18.751603v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "immunology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214224072",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.18.751603v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-18",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/85r1vbss1smh1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:24:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.18.751603",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.18.751603v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis Reveals Retention of FCRL4⁺ Memory B Cells in Pediatric Tonsillar Hypertrophy",
  "title_text": "Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis Reveals Retention of FCRL4⁺ Memory B Cells in Pediatric Tonsillar Hypertrophy",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:24:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/85r1vbss1smh1",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}