{
  "abstract": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a clinical quadrad consisting of unilateral headache, ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy, granulomatous inflammation on imaging or biopsy and no other headache syndrome to explain the diagnosis. It may be secondary to systemic inflammatory disease, and clinicians should aggressively search for underlying causative pathology. A 73-year-old patient presented with this quadrad, in whom workup identified a systemic large-vessel vasculitis secondary to Sjögren's disease. The patient was treated with rituximab and steroids, with considerable improvements in both her orbital pathology and vasculitis. The quadrad of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome should prompt investigation for systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disease rather than being assumed to be idiopathic.Learning points\n\n'Tolosa-Hunt syndrome' is a descriptive term for an idiopathic presentation; it does not establish aetiology. Secondary causes should be considered and thoroughly worked up.The workup should extend beyond local orbital pathology to systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including potentially serious vasculitis.Sjögren's-associated vasculitis may produce neurological manifestations resembling polyarteritis nodosa; rheumatology input and treatment of the underlying vasculitis may improve the neurological syndrome.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jack Vella"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nicola Dingli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Paul John Cassar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maria Bonello"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/860y1nxsf639f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.12890/2026_007497",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13750758",
  "id": "860y1nxsf639f",
  "issns": [
    "2284-2594"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43011668",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Vasculitis and related conditions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222394896",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13750758?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13750758",
  "pmid": "43011668",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/860y1nxsf639f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:25:13Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43011668",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43011668"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2745|Vasculitis and related conditions",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome as a Presentation of Sjögren's-Associated Vasculitis.",
  "title_text": "Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome as a Presentation of Sjögren's-Associated Vasculitis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T03:21:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/860y1nxsf639f",
  "venue": "European journal of case reports in internal medicine",
  "versions": []
}