{ "abstract": "Progress in malaria control has stagnated since the early 21st century in many countries, requiring new approaches such as the use of spatially-targeted interventions. However, evidence on the effectiveness of spatially-targeted interventions is mixed, depending on both the setting and intervention. In addition, the potential role of community health programs in implementing spatial targeting is underexplored, with models focusing on coarser spatial scales than those needed to guide programmatic activities. We developed a two-age-class, spatially-explicit model of malaria at the community-scale for a district in southeastern Madagascar, accounting for environmental heterogeneity and spatial structure, to explore spatially-targeted community health interventions. The model was fit to field-based case notifications and malaria prevalence data and then used to simulate three interventions: indoor residual spraying (IRS), supplemental coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN), and active case detection (ACD). We compared five scenarios, one with no spatial targeting and others targeting communities (i) nearest to clinics, (ii) furthest from clinics, (iii) with highest incidence, and (iv) that are spatially central. The non-targeted intervention was generally the most effective, but the least resource efficient. The second most effective intervention was based on spatial centrality, which reached a larger population while using fewer transportation resources than the non-targeted intervention. No combination of interventions was able to eliminate malaria in the district, although detecting symptomatic cases through ACD could avert 100% of severe malaria cases at high detection rates. These results highlight the potential for targeted malaria interventions, especially in low-income settings, that take into account spatial structure in the human population and transport networks to reduce malaria burdens using fewer resources than conventional district-wide interventions. [A French language abstract is available as Text A in S1 Appendix]. Author summary: As progress against malaria slows, spatially-targeted interventions are one tool to control malaria in resource-limited contexts. Fine-scale targeting requires acting at the community scale, relying on community health workers to help implement programs. Using a mathematical model based on field-derived environmental, prevalence, and transport network data, we modeled malaria at the community-scale for a health district in Madagascar. We then used this model to compare different scenarios of spatially-targeted interventions using supplemental mosquito net distributions (LLIN), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and active case detection (ACD). IRS and ACD averted the most simple and severe malaria cases, respectively. Non-targeted interventions were the most effective, but required the most resources to implement; targeting based on the underlying transport and population structure averted a similar number of cases while using 2/3 of the resources. This work can help inform community malaria programs that wish to implement spatially-targeted interventions and is supported by a web application to explore different scenarios for community health programs in the district.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.", "Pivot, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar.", "Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.", "ESPACE-DEV, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan, Université de Guyane, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France.", "KHEOBS Laboratory, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.", "Espace-Dev, Université de la Réunion, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan, Université de Guyane, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.", "ED 168 CBS2, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.", "National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar." ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 12, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "name": "Michelle V Evans", "orcid": "0000-0002-5628-0502" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Benjamin Roche" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Vincent Herbreteau" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Christophe Révillion" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Thibault Catry" }, { "affs": [ 1, 2 ], "name": "Matthew H Bonds" }, { "affs": [ 1, 2 ], "name": "Karen E Finnegan" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Ezra Mitsinjoniala" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Felana A Ihantamalala" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1, 6 ], "name": "Mauricianot Randriamihaja", "orcid": "0009-0003-8525-1158" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Oméga Raobela" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Andres Garchitorena" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86b2axvxvqkcv.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857", "id": "86b2axvxvqkcv", "issns": [ "1553-7358", "1553-734X" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857", "language": "eng", "licence": "CC-BY", "licence_label": "CC BY", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "2739|Malaria Research and Control" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Developmental biology/Life cycles/Larvae" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Plants/Grasses/Rice" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Population biology/Population metrics/Death rates" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Entomology/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Computer and information sciences/Network analysis/Centrality" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Parasitic diseases/Malaria" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Tropical diseases/Malaria" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/Africa/Madagascar" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Plant and algal models/Rice" ] ], "openalex": "W7222242117", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857&type=printable", "pmcid": "PMC13690273", "pmid": "42879508", "published": "2026-10-15", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86b2axvxvqkcv.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:23Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014857" }, { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z", "native_id": "MED:42879508", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42879508" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:developmental biology", "subfield": "developmental-biology" }, { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:zoology", "subfield": "zoology-behaviour" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:epidemiology", "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health" } ], "title": "Leveraging spatial structure to design spatially-targeted malaria interventions at the community-scale", "title_text": "Leveraging spatial structure to design spatially-targeted malaria interventions at the community-scale", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86b2axvxvqkcv", "venue": "PLOS Computational Biology", "versions": [] }