{
  "abstract": "Historical renewable-load variability, voltage-security risk, and investment-operation coupling can materially change the assessed value of distribution-level energy storage. This study develops an uncertainty-aware bilevel energy storage system (ESS) planning framework in which the upper level selects a discrete siting-sizing-duration plan and the lower level solves a fixed-topology, multi-scenario mixed-integer second-order cone program (MISOCP) in which the network physics are represented by a DistFlow-SOCP formulation. An ESS-aware topology robustness check is further introduced to examine whether ESS-induced topology changes affect the planning conclusions obtained under the common-topology comparison. Complete daily load, photovoltaic, and wind observations from Denmark in 2016 and 2017 are represented as joint 72-dimensional trajectories. Input-risk-stratified historical-day reduction is examined for K = 3, 5, 10, and 20, with K = 10 used for the principal 33-bus study and K = 20 used as a higher-fidelity scenario-set check. Exhaustive evaluation of 211 alternatives identifies a 1.00 MW/ 2.00 MWh ESS at bus 24. Under K10 and the baseline fixed topology, the proposed design reduces daily TOTEX from 73,151.02 to 51,826.24 CNY/day (29.2%) relative to No ESS, raises the minimum voltage from 0.94138 to 0.95405 p.u., and reduces cumulative undervoltage exposure from 0.013528 to 0.001740 p.u.·h. Cross-year and seven-day chronological tests retain the economic and security pattern. On the released 240-bus feeder, the reference design improves voltage exposure, loading, and losses at a small incremental economic cost. These results show that historical tail conditions, common-topology attribution, and physical security metrics are important for auditable ESS planning.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China",
    "Qinghai Key Lab of Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhenhua Miao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ziyan Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yongjie Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86tjmwgwjgpq0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0353192",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "86tjmwgwjgpq0",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0353192",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Optimal Power Flow Distribution"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological processes/Molting"
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      "/Engineering and technology/Electronics engineering/Electronics/Capacitors"
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      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Energy and power/Alternative energy"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Energy and power/Power distribution"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Energy and power/Power distribution/Power grids"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Economics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Economics/Commerce/Procurement"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221078583",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0353192&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86tjmwgwjgpq0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0353192",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0353192"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "plos:geomorphology",
      "subfield": "geology-geochemistry"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:physiology",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Uncertainty-aware bilevel energy storage planning for active distribution networks: A fixed-topology DistFlow-based MISOCP framework with voltage-security assessment",
  "title_text": "Uncertainty-aware bilevel energy storage planning for active distribution networks: A fixed-topology DistFlow-based MISOCP framework with voltage-security assessment",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/86tjmwgwjgpq0",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}