{
  "abstract": "Quantum compilers typically follow the circuit model, representing programs as fixed sequences of gates. This static view breaks down in hybrid quantum-classical applications, where gate choices depend on runtime data or measurement results. We introduce a new Intermediate Representation (IR) that elevates gates to first-class values, enabling their dynamic creation, composition, and control. This unified representation allows classical computation to steer quantum behaviour, capturing phenomena including stochastic gate selection, adaptive error correction, and measurement-driven computation within a single framework. Case studies in noise modelling, randomised compilation, error correction, and measurement-based quantum computing show that our IR expresses these programs compactly and supports optimisations that were not possible in the circuit model. Evaluation on a benchmark suite of hybrid quantum-classical programs indicates that our IR represents programs compactly and facilitates compiler analysis and transformation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.01037",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Alex Rice"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chris Heunen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tobias Grosser"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/872kz3mdssenw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.01037",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "872kz3mdssenw",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01037",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cs.PL"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1702|Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7206187405",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.01037",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/872kz3mdssenw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:00Z",
      "native_id": "2609.01037",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01037"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:quant-ph",
      "subfield": "quantum"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Dynamic Intermediate Representation for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Programs",
  "title_text": "A Dynamic Intermediate Representation for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Programs",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/872kz3mdssenw",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}