{
  "abstract": "Drilling fluid performance is critical for wellbore stability, cuttings transport, and minimizing formation damage, but conventional additives often raise environmental concerns. This study evaluates the effectiveness of three additives, pistachio shell powder (PSP), magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, and carbon black (CB), in enhancing the rheological and filtration properties of water‑based drilling muds (WBMs). Ten mud formulations with varying additive concentrations (1–5 g) were prepared, and key parameters including density, pH, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, API fluid loss, and shear‑dependent viscosity were systematically characterized. Results show that PSP significantly improved rheological performance, increasing yield point to 0.771 kg/m² and gel strength to 19.6 lb/100 ft², while maintaining stable density (9.82–9.88 ppg) and pH (8.0–8.2). In filtration tests, PSP achieved an API filtrate volume of 22 mL, superior to CB (26–27 mL) and comparable to MgO, owing to the formation of a thin, low‑permeability filter cake. All muds exhibited non‑Newtonian shear‑thinning behaviour, with PSP offering an optimal balance between viscosity for cuttings suspension and flowability during circulation. As an agricultural waste‑derived additive, PSP demonstrates technical performance on par with MgO nanoparticles while being cost‑effective and environmentally suitable. The main goal of this research is to comparatively study the effects of pistachio shell powder (PSP), magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, and carbon black (CB) on the rheological and filtration characteristics of water-based drilling muds under similar experimental conditions, and to identify a sustainable and economical drilling fluid additive.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India",
    "Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Department of Aeronautical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India",
    "Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET) Deemed University, East Coast Road, Kanathur, Chennai, India",
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inderprastha Engineering College (IPEC), Ghaziabad, India",
    "Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology (UniKL MIAT), Lot Jalan Jenderam Hulu, Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia",
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India",
    "Additive Manufacturing Research and Innovation Center (AMRIC), Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia",
    "Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India",
    "Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vamsi Krishna Kudapa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wilson Kosasih"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "A.R. Saravanan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Amaleswari Rajulapati"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "K. Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Vijayakumar Sivasundar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Din Bandhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ankit Sharma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ashish Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Najihah Mohd Tamyis"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87mk9dvxjkn1a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357783",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "87mk9dvxjkn1a",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357783",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2212|Drilling and Well Engineering"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Nanotechnology/Nanoparticles"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical elements/Magnesium"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical properties/Viscosity"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Physical chemistry/Chemical properties/Viscosity"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials physics/Viscosity"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials/Powders"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Continuum mechanics/Fluid mechanics/Fluid dynamics/Fluid flow"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Mechanical stress/Shear stresses"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Materials physics/Viscosity"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/States of matter/Fluids"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Separation processes/Filtration"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213900240",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357783&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-21",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87mk9dvxjkn1a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357783",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357783"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "plos:materials science",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    },
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "plos:physical chemistry",
      "subfield": "physical"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "plos:fluid dynamics",
      "subfield": "fluid-dynamics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Green additives effectiveness in water-based drilling mud performance: A study of pistachio shell powder, magnesium oxide, and carbon black particles",
  "title_text": "Green additives effectiveness in water-based drilling mud performance: A study of pistachio shell powder, magnesium oxide, and carbon black particles",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87mk9dvxjkn1a",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}