{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nExisting vision questionnaires were not designed to standardize immediate patient appraisal of a distance single-vision spectacle prescription during trial wear. This study developed and preliminarily evaluated the Adult Spectacle Trial-Wearing Experience Scale (ASTWES) for this decision point.Methods\n\nCandidate items were informed by a structured literature search and interviews with eye-care and dispensing professionals, refined through two Delphi rounds, cognitively debriefed with 10 target patients, and piloted in 150 adults. Item reduction used corrected item-total correlations and principal-axis factoring with promax rotation. The independent formal psychometric evaluation sample comprised 393 adults within the prespecified 18-35-year age range; ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), robust maximum-likelihood sensitivity analysis, and reliability coefficients were used. An eligible subsample of 98 participants provided a 1-month satisfaction rating for exploratory association analyses.Results\n\nThe final questionnaire contained 9 items in 3 correlated domains: clarity and focus, comfort and stability, and environmental adaptation. Retained pilot-item loadings ranged from 0.694 to 0.890. The correlated three-factor model was supported under both CFA estimators, whereas a single-factor model fit poorly. Subscale Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.769 to 0.803. Omega hierarchical was 0.641, favoring subscale-first interpretation. The overall mean item score correlated with 1-month satisfaction (Spearman rho = 0.753, p < 0.001); its exploratory AUC was 0.850 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.772-0.918).Conclusions\n\nASTWES is a concise candidate questionnaire with preliminary evidence of a correlated three-domain structure, acceptable internal consistency, and short-term clinical association in Chinese adults aged 18-35 years. Further independent patient-centered content evaluation and external validation are needed before routine use or fixed decision thresholds are considered.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meina Huang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4656-9505"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zheyi Chen",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-1803-5748"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87tvpn0z0b2zw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2026.1935095",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677369",
  "id": "87tvpn0z0b2zw",
  "issns": [
    "2296-858X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898141",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7219746712",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677369?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13677369",
  "pmid": "42898141",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87tvpn0z0b2zw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42898141",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898141"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a spectacle trial-wear questionnaire for distance single-vision prescriptions.",
  "title_text": "Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a spectacle trial-wear questionnaire for distance single-vision prescriptions.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87tvpn0z0b2zw",
  "venue": "Frontiers in medicine",
  "versions": []
}