{
  "abstract": "Background: Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) exhibits high recurrence and poor prognosis, with limited efficacy of current immunotherapies. The role of the aggrephagy-related gene TUBA1A in the BUC immune microenvironment remains unclear.\n\nMethods: Single-cell transcriptomic data from public repositories were analyzed to characterize the immune microenvironment. Non-negative matrix factorization identified aggrephagy-related immune–stromal subtypes, and CellChat mapped intercellular interactions. TIDE validation and KEGG enrichment defined functional modules. TUBA1A expression and function were evaluated through qRT-PCR, Western blot, proliferation, migration, apoptosis assays, and transmission electron microscopy. THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with conditioned medium from control or TUBA1A-overexpressing bladder cancer cells in the presence or absence of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), and polarization markers were assessed by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. In vivo xenograft models verified tumor growth effects.\n\nResults: Single-cell analysis identified a TUBA1A-high macrophage subset with strong immune communication and immune activity. TUBA1A was significantly downregulated in BUC tissues and cell lines. TUBA1A overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced autophagic activity (increased LC3-II and ATG5, reduced SQSTM1/p62, and elevated autophagic vesicles). Conditioned medium from TUBA1A-overexpressing cells promoted M1-like polarization; CQ abolished the induction of the M1 markers IL-12 and CD86. In vivo , TUBA1A overexpression significantly suppressed xenograft tumor growth and reduced Ki-67 expression.\n\nConclusion: TUBA1A is downregulated in BUC and acts as a candidate regulator of autophagic activity and macrophage polarization. TUBA1A overexpression is associated with inhibition of BUC progression, and its promotion of M1-like macrophage polarization appears to require autophagic activity. TUBA1A may represent a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for BUC.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, Zhejiang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University",
    "Department of Urology, Jinzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University",
    "Department of Congenital Heart Disease, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University",
    "Department of Clinical Lab, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)",
    "Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital",
    "Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ding-ming Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hong Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yi-chang Shu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jia-ju Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yi-bo He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "He Duan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yan-yang Jin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shi-liang Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shi-chao Duan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Guan-hua Jing"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jia-ming Wen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ming Tong"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87vc0g17db28z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13730884/",
  "id": "87vc0g17db28z",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223122867",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13730884",
  "pmid": "42984715",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87vc0g17db28z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730884",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1921855"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Overexpression of TUBA1A suppresses bladder cancer progression with potential modulation of autophagic activity and macrophage polarization",
  "title_text": "Overexpression of TUBA1A suppresses bladder cancer progression with potential modulation of autophagic activity and macrophage polarization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:23:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/87vc0g17db28z",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}