{
  "abstract": "Borage-oil emulsions provide a multiphase reaction medium in which formulation composition can strongly influence immobilized lipase performance. This study evaluated Amano lipase A from Aspergillus niger (AA-ANL) immobilized on IB-ADS-3 in borage-oil emulsion media containing hydrocolloids and conventional formulation additives. Each experimental unit was prepared independently and consisted of an emulsion and an immobilized catalyst (n = 3). Gum arabic, guar gum, gellan gum, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) exhibited concentration-dependent responses. Among non-homogenized formulations, the composition containing 10.0% gum arabic and 0.1% guar gum showed the highest observed lipolytic activity (32.27 ± 1.96 U/g support). In this formulation, a reaction containing 50 mg of support carrying immobilized AA-ANL exhibited an activity of 1.61 ± 0.10 U, whereas the corresponding reaction with 10 mg of native AA-ANL yielded 0.17 ± 0.00 U. Because the assays combined different amounts and physical forms of enzyme, these values were compared only at the reaction-system level and do not represent an enzyme-specific activity ratio. In a 4 × 2 two-way ANOVA, both the hydrocolloid system and SDS significantly affected lipolytic activity. Moreover, the magnitude of the SDS effect varied across hydrocolloid systems (system × SDS interaction, p = 0.008). The influence of Carbopol® Ultrez 10 likewise depended on the presence of SDS, as indicated by a significant interaction (p = 0.015), while Poloxamer 188 markedly reduced lipase activity at all tested concentrations. Representative microscopy images revealed formulation-dependent differences in emulsion microstructure. However, the qualitative structural features did not consistently correspond to differences in lipolytic activity among formulations. High-shear homogenization of the selected gum arabic–guar gum formulation (performed at 6500 rpm for 3 min) increased observed lipolytic activity to 199.93 ± 5.77 U/g support, representing a 6.2-fold increase (Welch’s t-test, p < 0.001). The magnitude of this effect should be interpreted within the context of the homogenization conditions tested. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the observed lipolytic activity of the AA-ANL-IB-ADS-3 system varied with reaction-medium composition and processing conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dominik Mieszkowski",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3794-334X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jacek Dulęba"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tomasz Siódmiak",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9232-5798"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8ahsb5rx38vs8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/catal16100931",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "8ahsb5rx38vs8",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4344"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/931",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223187791",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8ahsb5rx38vs8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/catal16100931",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/931"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hydrocolloid-Stabilized Borage Oil-in-Water Emulsions as Reaction Media for Immobilized Amano Lipase A: Effects of Formulation Composition and High-Shear Homogenization",
  "title_text": "Hydrocolloid-Stabilized Borage Oil-in-Water Emulsions as Reaction Media for Immobilized Amano Lipase A: Effects of Formulation Composition and High-Shear Homogenization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8ahsb5rx38vs8",
  "venue": "Catalysts",
  "versions": []
}