{
  "abstract": "Rhinoviruses (RVs) can cause severe wheezing illnesses in young children and patients with asthma. Vaccine development has been hampered by the multitude of RV types with little information about cross-neutralization. We previously showed that neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to RV-C are detected twofold to threefold more often than those to RV-A throughout childhood. Based on those findings, we hypothesized that RV-C infections are more likely to induce either cross-neutralizing or longer-lasting antibody responses compared with RV-A infections. We pooled RV diagnostic data from multiple studies of children with respiratory illnesses and compared the expected versus observed frequencies of sequential infections with RV-A or RV-C types using log-linear regression models. We tested longitudinally collected plasma samples from children to compare the duration of RV-A versus RV-C nAb responses. Our models identified limited reciprocal cross-neutralizing relationships for RV-A (A12-A75, A12-A78, A20-A78, and A75-A78) and only one for RV-C (C2-C40). Serologic analysis using reference mouse sera and banked human plasma samples confirmed that C40 infections induced nAb responses with modest heterotypic activity against RV-C2. Mixed-effects regression modeling of longitudinal human plasma samples collected from ages 2 to 18 years demonstrated that RV-A and RV-C illnesses induced nAb responses of similar duration. These results indicate that both RV-A and RV-C nAb responses have only modest cross-reactivity that is limited to genetically similar types. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, RV-C species may include even fewer cross-neutralizing types than RV-A, whereas the duration of nAb responses during childhood is similar between the two species. The modest heterotypic responses suggest that RV vaccines must have a broad representation of prevalent types.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 41,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Y. A. Bochkov"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Devries"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Tetreault"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Gangnon"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Lee"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. B. Bacharier"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. W. Busse"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. A. Camargo"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Choi"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Cohen"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. De"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. P. Demuri"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. M. Fitzpatrick"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. J. Gergen"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Grindle"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Gruchalla"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Hartert"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Hasegawa"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. K. Khurana Hershey"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. Holt"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Homil"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Jartti"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Kattan"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Kercsmar"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "I. A. Laing"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. N. Le Souëf"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. H. Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. T. Mauger"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Pappas"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. J. Patel"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. Phipatanakul"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Pongracic"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Seroogy"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. D. Sly"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Tisler"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. R. Wald"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Wood"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jr. Lemanske"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. J. Jackson"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. E. Gern"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8br55m3aey3gn.bib",
  "cited_by": 19,
  "doi": "10.1002/jmv.29058",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "8br55m3aey3gn",
  "issns": [
    "0146-6615",
    "1096-9071"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05787850v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.mp"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "2.sdv.mp.vir"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Respiratory viral infections research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4386209515",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jmv.29058",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Wiley-Blackwell",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8br55m3aey3gn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:51Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05787850",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05787850v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:1.sdv.mp",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Rhinoviruses A and C elicit long-lasting antibody responses with limited cross-neutralization",
  "title_text": "Rhinoviruses A and C elicit long-lasting antibody responses with limited cross-neutralization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8br55m3aey3gn",
  "venue": "Journal of Medical Virology",
  "versions": []
}