{
  "abstract": "Reliable determination of cellulose crystallinity is essential for biomass valorization, yet commonly used analytical methods may respond differently to residual non-cellulosic components present in partially purified lignocellulosic materials. In this study, fourteen cellulose-rich samples were produced from depectinated orange biomass under controlled alkaline processing conditions and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallinity indices (CIs) were calculated using the lateral order index (FT-IR), C4 peak deconvolution (ssNMR), and the Segal method (XRD), while principal component analysis was employed to support multivariate interpretation of the FT-IR and NMR datasets. FT-IR-derived CIs ranged from approximately 65 to 91%, with the starting biomass exhibiting the highest value despite its substantial residual pectin content. In contrast, ssNMR-derived CIs were consistently lower (approximately 27–49%) and showed limited sensitivity to residual pectin, indicating greater selectivity toward cellulose crystalline organization. XRD produced intermediate CI values and displayed a moderate positive correlation with ssNMR (r = 0.5) but a moderate negative correlation with FT-IR (r = −0.5). PCA further revealed that pectin-associated FT-IR bands (~1737 and ~1635 cm−1) were the primary drivers separating the starting biomass from the purified cellulose samples. The study establishes a practical framework for selecting crystallinity evaluation methods during the sustainable valorization of citrus biomass into cellulose-based materials.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Biological Chemistry (LQB), Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil",
    "Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha (IFFar), Alegrete 97555-000, RS, Brazil"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Symone Costa de Castro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matheus Signorelli Corrêa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ljubica Tasic",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2930-7332"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cdc1s0hdwpp8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31213833",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "8cdc1s0hdwpp8",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3833",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Advanced Cellulose Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223676869",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cdc1s0hdwpp8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31213833",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3833"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Advanced Cellulose Research Studies",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cellulose Crystallinity in Orange Biomass-Derived Cellulose: Comparative Assessment by FT-IR, Solid-State 13C NMR, and X-Ray Diffraction",
  "title_text": "Cellulose Crystallinity in Orange Biomass-Derived Cellulose: Comparative Assessment by FT-IR, Solid-State 13C NMR, and X-Ray Diffraction",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cdc1s0hdwpp8",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}