{
  "abstract": "Objective\n\nTo validate a novel 3D-printed temporal bone model as an acceptable substitute for cadaveric human temporal bones in otosurgical training.Methods\n\nA 3D-printed healthy temporal bone model was evaluated by 54 otosurgeons (27 experienced and 27 trainees) from Italian universities. Participants performed dissections on the model and completed a 27-question survey comparing the synthetic model with the cadaveric one. The primary outcome was the percentage of average total scores exceeding 3, with acceptability set at > 70%.Results\n\nOverall, 80.9% (p < 0.001) of participants rated the model as comparable to the cadaveric temporal bone (average total score exceeding 3). High scores were observed for \"usefulness as a training tool\", \"task-based usefulness\" and \"overall reactions\" domains with an average total score exceeding 3 in 95.8% (p < 0.001), 83.2% (p < 0.001), and 79% (p = 0.004) of questionnaires respectively. No significant differences were found between experienced and trainee surgeons' evaluations.Conclusions\n\n3D-printed temporal bone models are a viable, cost-effective, and customisable training tool comparable to cadavers. The realism of the soft tissues still needs to be refined in order to better mimic cadaveric specimens.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.",
    "Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy.",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eastern Piedmont University, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.",
    "ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.",
    "Otolaryngology, Audiology, and Phoniatrics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.",
    "Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.",
    "Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.",
    "Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Audiology and Phoniatrics Unit, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.",
    "Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.",
    "Otolaryngology Department, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.",
    "Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico ''Paolo Giaccone'', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.",
    "Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \"GF Ingrassia\" E.N.T. Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.",
    "Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometrics, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.",
    "Audiology Section \"Federico II\", Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry Department, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.",
    "Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \"Kore\", Enna, Italy; Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \"Gaetano Barresi\", Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.",
    "Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.",
    "Unit of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.",
    "Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology and Otoneurosurgery, University of Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.",
    "Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy.",
    "Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University \"Aldo Moro\" of Bari, Bari, Italy.",
    "Department of Medicine & Surgery, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.",
    "Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \"A. Gemelli\" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.",
    "Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy.",
    "Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brescia, Italy.",
    "Section of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Neuroscience-DNS, Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova, University of Padua, Padua, Italy."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 35,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0,
        1
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      "name": "Pietro Canzi"
    },
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      ],
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      "name": "Giuseppe Chiarella"
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      "name": "Edoardo Covelli"
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        11
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      "name": "Adelchi Croce"
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    {
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        12
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      "name": "Stefano Di Girolamo"
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    {
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        13
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      "name": "Francesco Dispenza"
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    {
      "affs": [
        14
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      "name": "Salvatore Ferlito"
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    {
      "affs": [
        15
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      "name": "Ignacio Javier Fernandez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Virginia Valeria Ferretti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Anna Rita Fetoni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Maria Gaini"
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    {
      "affs": [
        19
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      "name": "Cosimo Galletti"
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    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Annalisa Gatto"
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    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Laborai"
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    {
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        22
      ],
      "name": "Enrico Liaci"
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    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Simone Mauramati"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        23
      ],
      "name": "Antonia Pisani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24
      ],
      "name": "Nicola Quaranta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "Giampietro Ricci"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Yoshie Russo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27
      ],
      "name": "Bruno Sergi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28
      ],
      "name": "Davide Soloperto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29
      ],
      "name": "Michele Tomasoni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30
      ],
      "name": "Elisabetta Zanoletti"
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      "affs": [
        0,
        1
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      "name": "Marco Benazzo"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cef4kdsqxx9d.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.14639/0392-100x-a1813",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726682",
  "id": "8cef4kdsqxx9d",
  "issns": [
    "0392-100X",
    "1827-675X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42969779",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Otology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Anatomy and Medical Technology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225073597",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726682?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726682",
  "pmid": "42969779",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Pacini Editore",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cef4kdsqxx9d.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:53Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42969779",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42969779"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:58Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726682",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-a1813"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Are 3D-printed temporal bone models the future of otologic surgical training? A national multicentre validation study.",
  "title_text": "Are 3D-printed temporal bone models the future of otologic surgical training? A national multicentre validation study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cef4kdsqxx9d",
  "venue": "Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale",
  "versions": []
}