{
  "abstract": "Whole-bean tempeh production is hindered by the compact seed coat of black kidney beans, which restricts fungal colonization and nutrient bioaccessibility. Dehulling, the conventional solution, removes the nutrient-dense outer layer. This study employed ultrasound pretreatment (10–30 min) to modify seed coat structure prior to fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus, aiming to overcome this barrier while preserving the seed coat. Ultrasound increased seed coat porosity from 0.9% to 4.5%, reduced hardness from 365.7 N to 73.5–116.8 N, and enhanced hydration, thereby facilitating fungal growth and enzyme activity. Ergosterol content, a marker of fungal biomass, increased 9.0-fold over the untreated control. SEC and CLSM further confirmed enhanced protein and starch degradation as well as cell wall disassembly in ultrasound-treated samples. Compared with untreated whole-bean tempeh, ultrasound-pretreated samples achieved 1.4–2.5-fold higher peptide levels, while maintaining moderate starch utilization distinct from the excessive degradation observed in dehulled tempeh. Protein bioaccessibility reached approximately 55%, bridging 37% of the digestibility gap between whole-bean and dehulled samples, yet the estimated glycemic index remained substantially lower (47.3–49.7) than that of dehulled tempeh (67.2). The 20-min treatment provided the best overall performance, demonstrating that controlled ultrasound is a viable strategy for producing nutritionally balanced whole-bean tempeh.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 211800, PR China",
    "College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR China",
    "Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Province 530007, PR China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaohua Qin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinyu Qiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jie He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Haijun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xin Rui"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cg86vgzpkpca.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696816/",
  "id": "8cg86vgzpkpca",
  "issns": [
    "1350-4177",
    "1873-2828"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2916|Food composition and properties"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221649466",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696816?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696816",
  "pmid": "42887352",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cg86vgzpkpca.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:06Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696816",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42887352",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42887352"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Ultrasound cracks the seed coat barrier: a strategy for whole-bean tempeh fermentation from black kidney bean with balanced protein-starch digestibility",
  "title_text": "Ultrasound cracks the seed coat barrier: a strategy for whole-bean tempeh fermentation from black kidney bean with balanced protein-starch digestibility",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:05Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cg86vgzpkpca",
  "venue": "Ultrasonics Sonochemistry",
  "versions": []
}