{
  "abstract": "Eco-friendly carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based membranes were fabricated on polyethersulfone (PES) support membranes by incorporating a lactic acid (LA) coating layer as a non-toxic and sustainable surface modification strategy. The separation performance of the fabricated membranes was evaluated for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater using a laboratory-scale cross-flow nanofiltration (NF) system. The membranes demonstrated effective removal of Congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB), with rejection efficiencies exceeding 95% for CR, approximately 90% for CV, and approximately 86% for MB. The fabricated membranes were comprehensively characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and contact angle measurements. Correlation of the physicochemical characteristics with the permeation flux and separation performance revealed that the membrane containing 0.2 wt% CMC and coated with 0.25 wt% LA exhibited the optimum overall performance. In addition to excellent dye rejection, the optimized membrane demonstrated effective separation of divalent salts, achieving rejection efficiencies of approximately 57% for MgSO₄ and 26% for Na₂SO₄ at an applied pressure of 3 bar. The rejection of dyes and salts was primarily attributed to size exclusion and Donnan exclusion mechanisms. Furthermore, antifouling evaluation demonstrated a relatively low fouling tendency of the CMC-based membranes, with the optimized membrane exhibiting a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of approximately 88.6%. Overall, the results demonstrate that LA-modified CMC-based membranes provide a promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative for the efficient treatment of dye- and salt-contaminated wastewater.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand-388120 Gujarat India pragnesh7@yahoo.com.",
    "G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, Charutar Vidya Mandal University Vallabh Vidyanagar Gujarat 388120 India."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Krupa Patel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pragnesh N Dave",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8817-208X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haresh Dave"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kaushik Nath"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cj400ssq0qhb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra08136c",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13684879",
  "id": "8cj400ssq0qhb",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910037",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Membrane Separation Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223152848",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13684879?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13684879",
  "pmid": "42910037",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cj400ssq0qhb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42910037",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910037"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13684879",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra08136c"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2312|Membrane Separation Technologies",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "CMC-based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.",
  "title_text": "CMC-based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:05Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8cj400ssq0qhb",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}