{
  "abstract": "Chloride-based additive engineering has become nearly indispensable in the development of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the majority of record-setting devices achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 25% using methylammonium chloride (MACl) as a processing additive. However, the extreme process sensitivity and consequent irreproducibility associated with MACl incorporation are rarely addressed. Here, we systematically investigate MACl-processed FA 0.9 Cs 0.1 Pb(I 0.9 Br 0.1 ) 3 films and show that MACl-assisted processing can act as a double-edged strategy. Under nominally identical processing conditions, a minority of samples exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) enhancement, whereas the majority display PL quenching despite their larger grain sizes. Using complementary techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), line-profile analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and time-resolved PL (TRPL), we attribute this bimodal response to compositional and structural heterogeneity, including halide-segregated domains and nonuniform microstrain that increase trap-assisted nonradiative recombination. To mitigate this instability, we replace volatile MACl with a reduced-volatility chloride additive derived from a stoichiometric MACl/PbCl 2 precursor (1:1 molar ratio, hereafter MCP chloride additive). At optimal additive concentration (5 mol %), the MCP-5 yields single-phase diffraction signatures, homogenized PL, and substantially extended carrier lifetimes, increasing the average lifetime by a factor of ∼7-9 (from ∼180 ns to ∼1.3-1.6 μs). In n-i-p PSCs, MCP-5-based devices yield modest but representative efficiencies, with a best PCE of 12.03%, a ∼20% relative efficiency gain, and a 30 mV increase in open-circuit voltage compared to MACl-20-treated devices, together with reduced device-to-device variability. Short-term humidity tests on unencapsulated cells (70-75% relative humidity, 24 h) further show improved PCE retention for MCP-5 compared to MACl-20 and control devices. Overall, these results identify MAClassisted processing-induced heterogeneity as a key source of irreproducibility and establish MCP chloride additive processing routes as a promising approach to more reproducible mixed-halide PSCs, while highlighting the need for future long-term stability studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Vishal Viswakarman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Miguel García Rocha"
    },
    {
      "name": "Johann Bouclé"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8d1150a1vhzv7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c01439",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "8d1150a1vhzv7",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://unilim.hal.science/hal-05734695v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.phys"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "0.spi"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.phys.cond"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.phys.phys"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.spi.nano"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "2.phys.cond.cm-ms"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "2.phys.phys.phys-optics"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Perovskite Materials and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172404479",
  "pdf_url": "https://unilim.hal.science/hal-05734695/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "ACS Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8d1150a1vhzv7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05734695",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://unilim.hal.science/hal-05734695v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "hal:1.phys.cond",
      "subfield": "condensed-matter"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "hal:2.phys.phys.phys-optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Stoichiometric MACl/PbCl2 Additive Engineering for Improved Reproducibility and Carrier Lifetime in FA/Cs Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells",
  "title_text": "Stoichiometric MACl/PbCl2 Additive Engineering for Improved Reproducibility and Carrier Lifetime in FA/Cs Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8d1150a1vhzv7",
  "venue": "ACS Omega",
  "versions": []
}