{
  "abstract": "Importance: Impedance monitoring is a critical component of cochlear implant (CI) surgery, yet the lack of comprehensive longitudinal data limits the development of evidence-based postoperative monitoring guidelines, potentially compromising patient outcomes.\n\nObjective: To track impedance trends over 10 years post-implantation, evaluate the effects of electrode design on impedance dynamics, and examine the influence of patient age on impedance behavior.\n\nDesign: Retrospective cohort study.\n\nSetting: Tertiary medical center.\n\nParticipants: A total of 554 ears underwent cochlear implantation between June 2006 and December 2014; each ear received 1 electrode array from 1 of 6 electrode types.\n\nExposure or Intervention: Longitudinal impedance data were analyzed across apical, medial, and basal electrode contacts at 7 time points.\n\nMain Outcome Measures: Impedance trajectories varied by age group, electrode design, and cochlear region, with persistent changes observed up to 10 years.\n\nResults: Impedance increased markedly from intraoperative to first activation in most arrays, although a significant decrease in apical contacts was observed in CI512 adults (P = .0008). Apical and medial contacts generally stabilized or declined thereafter. In contrast, basal electrodes exhibited more heterogeneous patterns, including increases during 12 to 60 months of follow-up and decreases during 60 to 120 months. Compared to PM arrays, LW electrodes showed higher apical impedances, medial impedances that were mostly comparable and time-dependent, and persistently lower basal impedances than CI512. Among LW arrays, CI422 consistently demonstrated the highest impedance, whereas the MED-EL electrode series, Flexsoft exhibited the highest impedance. Overall impedances were higher in early childhood recipients, while adults tended to show higher values in the basal region.\n\nConclusion: This study provides the first decade-long characterization of impedance changes, revealing dynamic variations in electrode impedance across different designs and age groups of cochlear implant recipients.\n\nRelevance: This study highlights the need for long-term monitoring and offering practical guidance for individualized programming and electrode design.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ear Research Center Dresden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jianhang Deng",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-3587-3438"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Martin Koch",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3215-7507"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Bornitz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3061-0171"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sijia Zhai",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2958-4145"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marcus Neudert",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3908-2328"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Till Moritz Essinger",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7295-4167"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8etrgtc862w6b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1177/19160216261442102",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735711/",
  "id": "8etrgtc862w6b",
  "issns": [
    "1916-0208",
    "1916-0216"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/19160216261442102",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3616|Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214656465",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13735711",
  "pmid": "42802683",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8etrgtc862w6b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:21Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735711",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/19160216261442102"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Long-Term Impedance Trends Over 10 Years Following Cochlear Implantation: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis",
  "title_text": "Long-Term Impedance Trends Over 10 Years Following Cochlear Implantation: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:21Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8etrgtc862w6b",
  "venue": "Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery",
  "versions": []
}