{ "abstract": "The bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) uses a membrane-embedded injectisome assembly to export effector proteins into host cells. While atomic-level structural details have been revealed for much of the T3SS apparatus, the model of the cytoplasmic sorting platform remains largely low-resolution. A central structural element of the sorting platform is the so-called “pod” protein, SctQ, which anchors the sorting platform to the inner membrane via interaction with the adaptor protein SctK, and connects to the central ATPase via the spoke protein SctL. SctQ proteins also interact with alternatively translated homodimers of their C-terminal SPOA2 domains. Low resolution electron density maps have provided an outline of the sorting platform architecture, and fluorescence microscopy studies have suggested a 1:4:2 SctK:SctQ:SctL stoichiometry. While there are experimental and AlphaFold structures of individual components and complexes of the sorting platform pod, there is currently no model for the pod structure that adequately fits the electron density or accounts for the proposed stoichiometry. Here we use AlphaFold to generate a model of the upper portion of the Shigella pod complex in which two copies of the SctQ protein, Spa33, bind the adaptor protein MxiK, with each copy of Spa33 bound to an alternately translated SPOA2-SPOA2 domain. We show through mutation of energetically critical interface residues, predicted by computational mutant scanning, that both Spa33 binding sites on MxiK are required for T3SS activity in Shigella flexneri, as well as binding of Spa33 to the SPOA2-SPOA2 homodimer. We find that this model fits well to the upper two-thirds of the pod electron density, albeit in a manner that places the protein components slightly closer to the inner membrane than traditionally presented. Further, cryogenic electron tomography shows Spa33/MxiK interface mutant sorting platforms are destabilized and lack clear density for the SctL spoke protein MxiN and central ATPase Spa47, while Spa33/SPOA2-SPOA2 interaction mutants are further disrupted and lack clear lower pod density. The density for the lower portion of the sorting platform pod, thought to arise from Spa33 and MxiN, remains unmodeled, largely due to the inability of AlphaFold to confidently predict the structure of MxiN or MxiN complexes. However, we show that, allowing for potential conformational rearrangements, the pod can accommodate three full-length copies of Spa33 in a manner that fills some of the lower electron density. How a potential fourth copy of Spa33 could occupy the remaining density with MxiN remains unclear. Author summary: The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a critical virulence factor used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors are secreted through the type III secretion apparatus, or injectisome, a large macromolecular assembly comprising an extracellular needle complex, a periplasmic basal body, and a cytoplasmic sorting platform. The sorting platform is formed by six, radially symmetric “pods” which anchor a central ATPase in position to power secretion through the injectisome. Each pod is thought to consist of three main protein components, SctK, SctQ, and SctL, present in a 1:4:2 stoichiometry, respectively. Here we use AlphaFold modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to develop a structural model for the Shigella flexneri pod that accounts for multiple copies of SctQ that fits within the the experimental electron density of the sorting platform.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America", "Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America", "Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America", "Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 6, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Sean K. Whittier" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Shoichi Tachiyama" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Samira Heydari" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Wendy L. Picking" }, { "name": "Jun Liu" }, { "name": "William D. Picking" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fpwed9x5dy03.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592", "id": "8fpwed9x5dy03", "issns": [ "1553-7374" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "1310|Escherichia coli research studies" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Enzymology/Enzymes/Phosphatases/Adenosine triphosphatase" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Enzymes/Phosphatases/Adenosine triphosphatase" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein structure/Protein structure prediction" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Bacteriology/Bacterial physiology/Secretion systems" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial physiology/Bacterial physiology/Secretion systems" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Molecular biology/Macromolecular structure analysis/Protein structure/Protein structure prediction" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Shigella" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological processes/Secretion" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Virulence factors/Secretion systems" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Polymer chemistry/Dimers" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials/Oligomers/Dimers" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed matter physics/Electron density" ] ], "openalex": "W7213886848", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-09-21", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fpwed9x5dy03.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:microbiology", "subfield": "microbiology" }, { "field": "chemistry", "origin": "plos:polymer chemistry", "subfield": "materials-polymers" } ], "title": "The pod components of the Shigella T3SS sorting platform accommodate multiple copies of Spa33 (SctQ)", "title_text": "The pod components of the Shigella T3SS sorting platform accommodate multiple copies of Spa33 (SctQ)", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fpwed9x5dy03", "venue": "PLOS Pathogens", "versions": [] }