{
  "abstract": "The development of versatile host materials that combine high triplet energy, efficient bipolar charge transport, and excellent morphological stability remains essential for realizing high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, three nonconjugated bipolar host materials, Cz-TBI, DCz-DBI, and TCz-BI, were designed and synthesized by integrating carbazole donor units and benzo[d]imidazole acceptor units through a tetrahedral tetraphenylmethane (TPM) core. Varying the donor-to-acceptor ratio enabled systematic regulation of the charge-transport properties of the host materials. All three compounds exhibited excellent thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 500 °C, high glass transition temperatures of 170-187 °C, smooth amorphous films, and a high triplet energy of 3.02 eV. Hole-only and electron-only device measurements confirmed their bipolar charge-transport characteristics and demonstrated that the carrier-transport properties could be tuned by adjusting the donor-to-acceptor ratio. The compounds were evaluated as universal hosts in blue TADF OLEDs and blue, green, and red phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). Among them, DCz-DBI delivered the best device performance, achieving maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 22.7% for the blue TADF OLED and 21.5%, 24.3%, and 21.3% for the blue, green, and red PhOLEDs, respectively. A single-host white OLED based on DCz-DBI achieved a maximum EQE of 24.2%, an EQE of 22.4% at 1000 cd m-2, and a color-rendering index of 81, with negligible voltage-dependent color variation. These results establish TPM as an effective core for constructing versatile host materials for high-performance multicolor OLEDs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China qiangwang@snnu.edu.cn.",
    "Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University Kunming 650500 China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinyan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Changsheng Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shengjie Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qi Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zeyan Hui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ning Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qiang Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4523-2206"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fwfs2e2dxvfk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6sc06678j",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13715862",
  "id": "8fwfs2e2dxvfk",
  "issns": [
    "2041-6520",
    "2041-6539"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953437",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223673453",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13715862?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13715862",
  "pmid": "42953437",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fwfs2e2dxvfk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:40Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953437",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953437"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13715862",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc06678j"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1605|Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tetraphenylmethane-based nonconjugated bipolar hosts with tunable donor-acceptor ratios for high-performance phosphorescent and TADF OLEDs.",
  "title_text": "Tetraphenylmethane-based nonconjugated bipolar hosts with tunable donor-acceptor ratios for high-performance phosphorescent and TADF OLEDs.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:23:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8fwfs2e2dxvfk",
  "venue": "Chemical science",
  "versions": []
}