{
  "abstract": "Objectives: This review evaluates contemporary therapeutic strategies for rhinophyma, emphasising evidence-based treatment selection according to disease severity and clinical grading.\n\nMethods: A structured literature search of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science was performed for studies published between 1990 and 2025 evaluating medical, surgical and laser-based rhinophyma treatments.\n\nResults: Medical therapy, including doxycycline and isotretinoin, is primarily beneficial in early inflammatory disease (Clark Grade I). Established fibrotic rhinophyma (Grades II–IV) generally requires surgical intervention. Current Level III–IV evidence supports partial-thickness sharp excision combined with adjunctive laser contouring using CO₂, Er:YAG and emerging blue laser technologies to improve haemostasis, tissue preservation and cosmetic outcomes. Histopathological assessment remains essential because occult malignancies may coexist within rhinophymatous tissue.\n\nConclusion: Treatment should be individualised according to clinical severity. Combined excisional and laser-based approaches currently provide the most favourable functional and aesthetic outcomes, although prospective comparative studies remain limited.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Otorhinolaryngology Department, Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nuray Bayar Muluk",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3602-9289"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8h5bsqv08hd6m.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1017/s0022215126105362",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735488/",
  "id": "8h5bsqv08hd6m",
  "issns": [
    "0022-2151",
    "1748-5460"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215126105362",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2708|Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7167819242",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13735488",
  "pmid": "42423091",
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8h5bsqv08hd6m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:09Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735488",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215126105362"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2708|Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evidence-based management of rhinophyma according to disease severity and clinical grade",
  "title_text": "Evidence-based management of rhinophyma according to disease severity and clinical grade",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8h5bsqv08hd6m",
  "venue": "The Journal of Laryngology and Otology",
  "versions": []
}