{
  "abstract": "Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns of urinary tract infections in children in Chongqing area and to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nMethods: A multicenter retrospective surveillance study was carried out from 2019 to 2024 at four hospitals of the Southwest China Pediatric Laboratory Specialty Alliance. The results were interpreted by the breakpoint criteria recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M100-S34 guidelines from 2024.\n\nResults: A total of 5618 urine isolates included Gram-negative (71.0%) and Gram-positive bacteria (29.0%) in 53.9% of male and 46.1% of female samples. E. coli was the most frequently detected pathogen in children of all ages and gender and levels were greatest for the 4 to 6 year age group (45.7%). Additionally, gender (p = 0.4083) had no significant association with the type of bacterial pathogen isolated, but the six most prevalent isolates grouped by gender displayed significant differences. Resistance of E. coli to sulbactam/ampicillin, amikacin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin displayed a downward trend with time. The average resistance of E. coli to carbapenems was < 6% and resistance levels trended upward with time. In contrast, the average resistance of K. pneumoniae to carbapenems was >12% and decreased with time while resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and nitrofurantoin significantly increased with time.Compared to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic, detection of E.coli, E. faecium and K. pneumoniae decreased post-COVID-19. Post-COVID-19, resistance of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin increased. Resistance of E. faecium and E. faecalis to penicillin increased significantly as well, while to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole decreased markedly (P < 0.05).\n\nConclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic process has brought about changes in pediatric urinary tract infections, emphasizing the necessity of continued monitoring. We found that carbapenems, vancomycin and linezolid remained effective. Age-stratified strategies are essential to manage urinary tract infections in children.The MICs of vancomycin did not drift, but the MICs of linezolid drifted in E. faecium and E. faecalis. The decreased MICs of E. faecalis to linezolid was more obvious and the trend began to emerge in 2022.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Clinical Laboratory Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity , ,",
    "Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dian Jiang Peoples Hospital of Chongqing , ,",
    "Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Jiulongpo District Science City People's Hospital , ,",
    "Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (People’s Hospital of Jiangbei District) , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liyan Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Renyi Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xie Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyan Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhongzheng Xiong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yupei Xiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fang Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chunmei Jing"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8j5t17g09dd0w.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fcimb.2026.1923862",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13724542/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "8j5t17g09dd0w",
  "issns": [
    "2235-2988"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13724542",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Urinary Tract Infections Management"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222960652",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13724542/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724542",
  "pmid": "42973869",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8j5t17g09dd0w.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13724542",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13724542"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:06Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724542",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2026.1923862"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973869",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973869"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Urinary Tract Infections Management",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Changes in epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns isolated from paediatric urinary tract infections: a multicenter study in China pre-, during and post-COVID-19",
  "title_text": "Changes in epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns isolated from paediatric urinary tract infections: a multicenter study in China pre-, during and post-COVID-19",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:20:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8j5t17g09dd0w",
  "venue": "Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology",
  "versions": []
}