{
  "abstract": "Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent complication of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), yet its determinants in patients ventilated for non-pulmonary indications remain poorly characterized.\n\nMethods: Data were derived from the PULMIVAP multicenter prospective cohort (ClinicalTrial: NCT04849039), conducted in 8 Northern Italian intensive care units (January 2021–April 2024). All adults receiving IMV for non-pulmonary indications were enrolled if expected to require IMV >48 hours and antibiotic-free for ≥3 days preceding intubation. Clinical and therapeutic data were collected for up to 15 days of IMV; microbiological sampling was performed according to clinical indication. The primary outcome was time to first VAP within 15 days of IMV (VAP15). Associations between baseline characteristics, time-varying exposures, and VAP15 were evaluated. Thirty-day mortality from IMV initiation was a secondary outcome.\n\nResults: Among 406 patients, 148 (36%) developed VAP15, at a median of 6 days (IQR 4.0–7.5) with an incidence rate of 43.2 per 1000 ventilator-days at risk (95% confidence intervals [95% CI], 36.4–49.9). Non-neurologic diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.51; 95% CI, 0.31–0.86), female sex (aHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36–0.75), and early antibiotic initiation (days 1–2 of IMV, aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45–0.93) were independently associated with lower risk of VAP15. Predominant pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Haemophilus influenzae; multidrug-resistant organisms were uncommon. VAP15 showed no competing relationship or significant association with mortality (overall, 20.4%).\n\nConclusions: In patients receiving IMV for non-pulmonary indications, non-neurologic diagnosis, female sex, and early antibiotic exposure were associated with lower observed VAP incidence, though causality cannot be inferred. Risk-stratified prevention strategies warrant further investigation into this population.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 58,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Laura Alagna"
    },
    {
      "name": "Liliane Chatenoud"
    },
    {
      "name": "Emanuele Palomba",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1386-6180"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ilaria Olgiati"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federico Magni"
    },
    {
      "name": "Leonardo Mancabelli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1744-2214"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francesca Turroni",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5363-0231"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chiara Abbruzzese",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1217-6893"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chiara Buracchi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5345-7448"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cristina Bugarin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7401-7097"
    },
    {
      "name": "Matteo Filippini",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0023-6710"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrea Forastieri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giuseppe Gaipa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roberto Fumagalli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marina Munari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Antonio Muscatello",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2428-6432"
    },
    {
      "name": "Edoardo Picetti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Leonardo Terranova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3596-104X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rosanna Vaschetto",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4625-4367"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tommaso Zoerle"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marco Ventura",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4875-4560"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giuseppe Citerio"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrea Gori",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6587-4794"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alessandra Bandera"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federica Sole Golfetto"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federica Sole Golfetto"
    },
    {
      "name": "Anna Tonizzo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Davide Mangioni"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francesca Elli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Silvia Del Bianco"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alessia Vargiolu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Christian Milani"
    },
    {
      "name": "Antonino Panacea"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nicola Latronico"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lorenzo Pilati"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gloria Erbici"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alberto Steffanoni"
    },
    {
      "name": "Martina Viganò"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cristina Panzeri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniele Cerani"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fabrizio Ortolano"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giacomo Grasselli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sara Mazzarello"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chiara Fiorentini"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gabriele Bassi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Riccardo Giudici"
    },
    {
      "name": "Elisabetta Zago"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francesca Grossi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nello De Vita"
    },
    {
      "name": "Stefania Guido"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eduardo Rocca"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federico Geraldini"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alessandro De Cassai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marzia Grandis"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sabrina Calandra"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marco di Lecce"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bianca Maria Mainini"
    },
    {
      "name": "Emanuele Sani"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kcnmw7d14ppt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/ofid/ofag677",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736113/",
  "id": "8kcnmw7d14ppt",
  "issns": [
    "2328-8957"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag677",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00290"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Healthcare-Associated Infections"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Major Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2706|Nosocomial Infections in ICU"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221605943",
  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/ofid/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ofid/ofag677/71908204/ofag677.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13736113",
  "pmid": "42991563",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kcnmw7d14ppt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:39Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13736113",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag677"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2706|Nosocomial Infections in ICU",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients Ventilated for Non-Pulmonary Conditions: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (PULMIVAP)",
  "title_text": "Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients Ventilated for Non-Pulmonary Conditions: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (PULMIVAP)",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kcnmw7d14ppt",
  "venue": "Open Forum Infectious Diseases",
  "versions": []
}