{
  "abstract": "Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neurological complication of liver failure characterized by hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and progressive neuronal dysfunction. Ondansetron (OND), a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, has reported anti-inflammatory and neuroactive properties, but its effects in HE remain poorly defined. This study evaluated OND in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute HE model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to Control, TAA, OND, TAA+OND (0.5 mg/kg), and TAA+OND (1 mg/kg) groups. Serum and cerebral glutamine, oxidative and antioxidant parameters, histopathological alterations, and TLR2, NF-κB, IL-1β, GFAP, NLRP3, and caspase-1 immunoreactivity were assessed in liver and brain tissues. TAA increased glutamine accumulation, produced tissue injury, altered redox parameters, and increased several inflammation-related markers. OND significantly reduced cerebral glutamine and attenuated selected biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical alterations, with generally more pronounced effects at 0.5 mg/kg. These findings indicate that OND administration is associated with partial modulation of metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, and structural alterations in TAA-treated rats, warranting further receptor-specific and functional studies to clarify its mechanisms and therapeutic relevance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Türkiye",
    "Laboratory Technician and Veterinary Health Program, Health Services Vocational School, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye 80000, Türkiye",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye",
    "R&D Activities and Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fatih Mehmet Sari",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-7022-3751"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yasin Bilgin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1582-223X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Betul Cicek",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1395-1326"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Engin Kurt",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8044-635X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa Ozkaraca",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6359-6249"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ali Gungor",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-7985-0986"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Nezahat Kurt",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1685-5332"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Asli Ozbek Bilgin",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9027-4299"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kg8ay7mbvk25.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209265",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705541",
  "id": "8kg8ay7mbvk25",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9265",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2721|Liver Disease and Transplantation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222941747",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705541?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705541",
  "pmid": "42942034",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kg8ay7mbvk25.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209265",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9265"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42942034",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42942034"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2721|Liver Disease and Transplantation",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Modulation of the Liver–Brain Axis by Ondansetron in Thio-Acetamide-Induced Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy",
  "title_text": "Modulation of the Liver–Brain Axis by Ondansetron in Thio-Acetamide-Induced Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kg8ay7mbvk25",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}