{
  "abstract": "Phenazines are redox-active secondary metabolites produced by a variety of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen associated with severe, often chronic infections and particularly notorious for its multiple resistance mechanisms. A major contributor to P. aeruginosa virulence and resistance is the production of phenazine-derived metabolites such as pyocyanin, which play central roles in biofilm formation, redox homeostasis, and host tissue damage. Consequently, inhibition of phenazine biosynthesis may be an attractive pathoblocker strategy aimed at attenuating bacterial virulence without exerting bactericidal pressure, thus reducing the development of drug resistance. Over the past years, considerable progress has been made in the identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors targeting this pathway. These advances have been driven by interdisciplinary efforts, with medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and structural biology providing key insights into target tractability, ligand binding modes, and structure-activity relationships. In this review, we summarize recent developments in phenazine biosynthesis inhibition, highlighting representative inhibitors and discussing biological and structural data for enzymes across the pathway.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.",
    "Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.",
    "Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.",
    "Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Campus E8.,1 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "PharmaScienceHub (PSH), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.",
    "Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.",
    "Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.",
    "Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maria Handke",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-7175-3615"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Janosch Baumgarten",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-6748-6316"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marie Thiemann",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-1111-0671"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Moritz Zimmermann",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-8293-7255"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Martin Empting",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0503-5830"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lars E P Dietrich"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Conrad Kunick"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Wulf Blankenfeldt",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9886-9668"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        7,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Schiedel",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7365-3617"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kw6kr51619g0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.6c00146",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692746",
  "id": "8kw6kr51619g0",
  "issns": [
    "2694-2437"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921315",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212173337",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692746?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692746",
  "pmid": "42921315",
  "published": "2026-09-10",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kw6kr51619g0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921315",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921315"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Phenazine Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antivirulence Agents.",
  "title_text": "Phenazine Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antivirulence Agents.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8kw6kr51619g0",
  "venue": "ACS bio & med chem Au",
  "versions": []
}