{
  "abstract": "Patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion may have limited alveolar support around the mandibular incisors, but conventional cephalometric measures do not directly describe the root-alveolus relationship. This retrospective cross-sectional study quantified labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness and examined whether signed IA-PAMD indicated apical root position within the symphysis. Pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometric records from 80 untreated patients (320 incisors) with signed ANB < 0° were analyzed. Bone thickness was measured at three root levels. Correlations and cluster-robust multivariable models adjusted for tooth, age, sex, signed ANB, GoGn-SN, and incisor mandibular plane angle. Mean labial thickness was 0.36, 0.49, and 2.40 mm at the cervical, middle, and apical levels; corresponding lingual values were 0.59, 1.39, and 4.01 mm. Labial bone was thinner than lingual bone (all P < 0.001), and labial thickness was below 0.5 mm in 80.3% of cervical and 63.4% of middle-root observations. Signed IA-PAMD correlated positively with labial apical thickness, negatively with lingual apical thickness, and not with total apical width. In adjusted models, each 1° increase in signed IA-PAMD was associated with 0.084 mm greater labial apical thickness (95% CI, 0.053–0.115), 0.092 mm lower lingual apical thickness (95% CI, −0.141 to −0.043), and no difference in total apical width (−0.008 mm; 95% CI, −0.082 to 0.065). The mirror-image labial and lingual coefficients, together with the near-zero total-width coefficient, support interpretation of signed IA-PAMD as a measure of root-apex eccentricity within the symphysis rather than aggregate apical bone support. It should not be interpreted as a treatment target or safety threshold, and the absence of a Class I comparator limits conclusions specific to skeletal Class III morphology.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Orthodontics, National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam",
    "Faculty of Dentistry, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam",
    "Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thanh Huyen Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Huong Ly Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Thi Dung Dao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Thi Thu Trang Vu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pr5fcv0jtr38.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358261",
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  "id": "8pr5fcv0jtr38",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
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  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skull/Alveolar bone"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Symphyses"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oral medicine/Orthodontics"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358261&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-15",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pr5fcv0jtr38.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
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  "subjects": [
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      "subfield": "physiology"
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  "title": "Mandibular incisor alveolar housing and incisor-alveolar axis relationship in untreated skeletal Class III malocclusion: A cross-sectional CBCT study",
  "title_text": "Mandibular incisor alveolar housing and incisor-alveolar axis relationship in untreated skeletal Class III malocclusion: A cross-sectional CBCT study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pr5fcv0jtr38",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}