{
  "abstract": "Although antiretroviral therapy has improved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prognosis, mortality and demographic disparities remain critical public health issues in the United States (US). This study analyzed long-term trends in HIV-related mortality from 1999 to 2023 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research data. This retrospective database study analyzed death certificate data for HIV-related deaths in the US from 1999 to 2023. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was used to assess trends using annual percent change (APC) and average APC (AAPC), stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, census region, and urbanization level. A total of 221,831 HIV-related deaths occurred from 1999 to 2023. Annual deaths declined from 14,499 in 1999 to 4719 in 2023, representing a 67.45% reduction. The age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 8.05 to 1.92 per 100,000 population, with an AAPC of -5.73. The decline was fastest from 2007 to 2011 (APC = -10.99) but slowed from 2019 to 2023 (APC = -2.79). Mortality rates remained higher among men, non-Hispanic Black individuals, and residents of the Southern US. Although mortality declined in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, the decline was slower in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas (AAPC = -3.92 vs -6.54). Mortality increased among older age groups, particularly those aged 75 to 84 years. HIV-related mortality in the US decreased substantially from 1999 to 2023, but the pace of decline slowed in recent years. Persistent racial, geographic, urban-rural, and age-related disparities highlight the need for targeted interventions, improved access to HIV care, and strategies addressing the growing burden among older adults.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.",
    "Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Immune Reconstitution in HIV/AIDS, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.",
    "The Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Feng Jiang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-7690-3403"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Jie Jia",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-3635-9448"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ying-Lu Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Fei-Qing Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Weiwei Zeng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pvth0jeqgm1b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1097/md.0000000000050986",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680913",
  "id": "8pvth0jeqgm1b",
  "issns": [
    "0304-5412",
    "1536-5964"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42888635",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222631341",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680913?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13680913",
  "pmid": "42888635",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pvth0jeqgm1b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42888635",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42888635"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Trends in HIV-related mortality by sex, race, age, and region in the United States, 1999-2023: A retrospective CDC WONDER database study.",
  "title_text": "Trends in HIV-related mortality by sex, race, age, and region in the United States, 1999-2023: A retrospective CDC WONDER database study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8pvth0jeqgm1b",
  "venue": "Medicine",
  "versions": []
}