{
  "abstract": "Systematic literature reviews are widely acknowledged to be at the top of most evidence hierarchies but are very time-consuming and labour-intensive. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) offers possibilities to accelerate the review process. We propose a systematic literature review protocol that incorporates AI and evaluate the accuracy of AI against a human-constructed gold standard. Human researchers performed a systematic literature review on the PubMed metabolomic literature investigating Long COVID. OpenAI model o3-mini was then used via the application programming interface to carry out the three key stages of a systematic literature review: 1) screening articles for inclusion criteria, 2) evaluating articles' risk of bias (RoB) using a customised metabolomics tool based on well-established quality criteria, and 3) extracting data from articles. The performance of AI was evaluated against a manually created reference by the assessment of accuracy, negative predictive value, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and Cohen's kappa. Out of the 320 identified articles, 33 met all inclusion criteria. AI performed screening, RoB assessment, and data extraction with mean accuracies of 92.7% ± 4.9%, 91.9% ± 5.9%, and 92.0% ± 9.2%, respectively, in ~ 10 h and at a cost of ~ 15.35 USD, while human reviewers took ~ 116 h, equivalent to ~ 2000 USD at minimum wages, to complete these steps in duplicate. OpenAI model o3-mini can independently complete the three main stages of systematic literature reviews in the metabolomics domain, thus considerably reducing the time to complete such reviews, at minimal cost. Nonetheless, human reviewers should always verify the AI-generated output to ensure robustness. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-026-00336-y.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150 Australia.",
    "Chemistry Department, Universidad del Valle, Melendez, 76001 Cali, Colombia.",
    "Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Harry Perkins Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150 Australia.",
    "Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK.",
    "School of Allied Health, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150 Australia.",
    "Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150 Australia."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maartje Cox",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-7870-9183"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Javier Osorio Mosquera",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8278-3103"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shaimaa Khandaker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Samuele Sala",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2971-646X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Julien Wist",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3416-2572"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jeremy K Nicholson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8123-8349"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Elaine Holmes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Timothy Fairchild",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3975-2213"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nathan G Lawler",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9649-425X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8r3079e57fsjf.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s43657-026-00336-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13713925",
  "id": "8r3079e57fsjf",
  "issns": [
    "2730-583X",
    "2730-5848"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953262",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1804|Meta-analysis and systematic reviews"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7134884738",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13713925?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13713925",
  "pmid": "42953262",
  "published": "2026-08-17",
  "publisher": "Springer",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8r3079e57fsjf.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953262",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953262"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:21:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13713925",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43657-026-00336-y"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Systematic Literature Reviews in Metabolic Phenotyping: A Methodological Framework and Validation Study.",
  "title_text": "Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Systematic Literature Reviews in Metabolic Phenotyping: A Methodological Framework and Validation Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8r3079e57fsjf",
  "venue": "Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}