{
  "abstract": "Importance\n\nAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with adverse life outcomes and increased mortality. Clarifying the magnitude of mortality risks using international data and the potential association between medication and mortality is essential to inform clinical care and motivate public health strategies to address mortality.Objectives\n\nTo examine the association between ADHD and all-cause and cause-specific mortality and to assess whether mortality risk differs according to ADHD medication use.Data sources\n\nA comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL was conducted from database inception to July 8, 2025.Study selection\n\nEligible studies included quantitative research across all age groups reporting all-cause and/or cause-specific mortality in individuals with ADHD, defined via diagnostic criteria, self-identification, trait measures, or ADHD polygenic risk scores. Exclusion criteria were nonoriginal research, qualitative studies, non-peer-reviewed publications, and studies not reporting mortality outcomes.Data extraction and synthesis\n\nData extraction was conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Study quality was assessed by 1 reviewer. Summary data were extracted from published reports, and pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effects model meta-analysis.Main outcomes and measures\n\nThe primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality (suicide, unintentional or intentional injury, and natural causes), measured using HRs with 95% CIs.Results\n\nNineteen studies including 15 920 970 participants (36.1% female) were included. ADHD was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.31-2.24; P < .001). Significant associations were also observed for suicide (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.21-2.95; P = .005), unintentional or intentional injury (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.22-2.00; P < .001), and natural-cause mortality (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16-1.38; P < .001). ADHD medication use in people with ADHD was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87; P < .001). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies.Conclusions and relevance\n\nIn this systematic review and meta-analysis of ADHD and mortality, ADHD was associated with increased mortality across multiple causes; and ADHD medication was associated with a decreased all-cause mortality risk, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment. However, the heterogeneity observed across studies highlights the need for standardized methods and improved control of confounding factors to better characterize mortality risk among individuals with ADHD.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.",
    "Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom.",
    "Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.",
    "ADHD UK, London, United Kingdom."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lucy Corrigan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lauren Heywood"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gavin R Stewart"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth O'Nions"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Henry Shelford"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Joshua Stott"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Amber John"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8sg6n3pyw8xgv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.39448",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13681224",
  "id": "8sg6n3pyw8xgv",
  "issns": [
    "2574-3805"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42895743",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222919563",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13681224",
  "pmid": "42895743",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "American Medical Association (AMA)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8sg6n3pyw8xgv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42895743",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42895743"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:46Z",
      "native_id": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.39448",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2855472"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mortality Among People With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.",
  "title_text": "Mortality Among People With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8sg6n3pyw8xgv",
  "venue": "JAMA network open",
  "versions": []
}