{
  "abstract": "Cascabela thevetia is a medicinal plant with diverse phytochemical constituents and biological potential. The increasing adverse effects of synthetic drugs and antimicrobial resistance has intensified the researchers for plant based therapeutic alternatives. However, there is little information available about liquid nitrogen mediated extraction of C. thevetia and the influence of liquid nitrogen on extraction efficiency and biological potential. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and optimize the extraction of bioactive chemicals from the leaves of C. thevetia using ethanol-water solvent system and cryogenic processing. Maximum yield (31.08 ± 0.03%) was shown by aqueous extract (0% ethanol). Qualitative screening of extracts confirmed the presence of various bioactive compounds including carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. GC-MS analysis of the derivatized aqueous extract led to the identification of seven volatile and semi-volatile phytochemical constituents. The phytochemical screening of extract identified the constituents known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. DPPH (IC50 = 9.16 µg/mL) and ABTS (TEAC = 8.96 mM, versus 7.6 mM for pure ethanol extract) results indicated that the aqueous extract exhibited the maximum antioxidant activity. It also exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (16.30 ± 0.20 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.32 ± 0.19 mm) by using well diffusion method. Significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (13.1 ± 0.19 mm zone of inhibition) also ascertained by aqueous extract. Moreover, the effectiveness of the extract changed as ethanol concentration increased, suggesting that aqueous medium, combined with liquid nitrogen-assisted extraction, provides the most effective extraction condition to yield the highest bioactive potential. Thus, these findings signify C. thevetia to be a potent source of natural therapeutic agents.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemistry, Government College (GC) University Lahore",
    "Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang SciTech University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Behram Shehzad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rizwan Ahmad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Faisal Aslam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tooba Rehman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Umer Shafique"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Umair Baig"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Wahab"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ayoub Rashid Ch"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8t6p8dtysfbf6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s44371-026-01042-4",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-026-01042-4",
  "id": "8t6p8dtysfbf6",
  "issns": [
    "3005-1193"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-026-01042-4",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QD1-999"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Medicinal Plant Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223140981",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44371-026-01042-4.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-25",
  "publisher": "Springer",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8t6p8dtysfbf6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:46:18Z",
      "native_id": "0617376fa7bb446d9b1173928a6dfe03",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-026-01042-4"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Medicinal Plant Research",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Liquid nitrogen mediated cryogenic extract optimization, phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential of Cascabela thevetia Leaf",
  "title_text": "Liquid nitrogen mediated cryogenic extract optimization, phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential of Cascabela thevetia Leaf",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:20:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8t6p8dtysfbf6",
  "venue": "Discover Chemistry",
  "versions": []
}