{
  "abstract": "Black carbon (BC) significantly influences global warming, but uncertainties in its absorption enhancement (E abs) cause large discrepancies in radiative forcing estimates. This study aims to explain the low absorption enhancement observations in the field that current models tend to overestimate by identifying incomplete particle coating, quantified by coating fraction F, as a key regulator. Observations show environmental constraints maintain F ≪ 1, reducing lensing efficiency. A new unified mixing framework incorporates a size-resolved parameterization linking F and coating-to-core mass ratio R coating, bridging model-observation gaps. Integrating empirical F distributions into Mie-based models retains complex simulation accuracy while reducing computational cost drastically, enabling scalable climate model implementation. Validation with single-particle soot photometer data confirms reduced absorption overestimation across diverse regimes. Including F distributions lowers global BC direct radiative forcing by ~40% (from +0.53 ± 0.13 to +0.32 ± 0.08 W m−2) relative to uniform mixing models. This establishes particle-scale coating coverage as a critical missing variable in BC forcing assessment, providing an observationally anchored pathway to reduce climate projection uncertainties.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University",
    "Zhejiang Academy of Emergency Management Science and Technology",
    "State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth & Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry",
    "State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China",
    "The Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21",
    "Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University",
    "College of Energy Environment and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Congcong Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhengqiang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yangpeng Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Qixing Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Zheng Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Weizhen Hou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Chenchong Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Hao He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Dongmei Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miao Hu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tjabx8csefd6.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41612-026-01470-0",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01470-0",
  "id": "8tjabx8csefd6",
  "issns": [
    "2397-3722"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01470-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "GE1-350"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "QC851-999"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1902|Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7166544991",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-026-01470-0_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-06-01",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tjabx8csefd6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:45:41Z",
      "native_id": "0e0008da2f984b888178c3656ffc9d96",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01470-0"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1902|Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols",
      "subfield": "atmospheric"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Critical role of single-particle partial coating fractions in reproducing black carbon absorption and refining climate simulations",
  "title_text": "Critical role of single-particle partial coating fractions in reproducing black carbon absorption and refining climate simulations",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:20:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tjabx8csefd6",
  "venue": "npj Climate and Atmospheric Science",
  "versions": []
}