{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nInsecticide resistance poses a significant challenge to malaria control, driven by diverse molecular mechanisms, whose distribution remains poorly characterized in Ethiopia. This study presents the first results using whole-genome sequence data of Anopheles gambiae from Ethiopia, confirming its presence in the western region of the country and expanding its known geographical distribution.Methods\n\nAnalysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants focussed on key target-site insecticide resistance genes, including the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc), acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel (Rdl) gene, as well as metabolic resistance loci such as cytochrome P450s (Cyp6m2, Cyp6aa/p, Cyp9k1) and carboxylesterases (Coeae2f, Coeae2-7g).Results\n\nGenomic analysis revealed high frequencies of Vgsc-L995F (kdr-west) mutations, alongside amplifications at Cyp6aa/p, Cyp9k1, and Gste2. Notably, frequencies of Vgsc and Gste2 variants exhibited differences on a local scale, while Vgsc and Cyp9k1 variant frequencies also fluctuated seasonally. Findings highlight the need for site-specific monitoring on a fine temporal scale. Furthermore, genome-wide selection scans using phased haplotypes identified emerging signals of selection at loci with a potential link to insecticide resistance, including a signal spanning 2L:33,767,545-34,391,778, which expands the catalogue of candidate loci for functional validation.Conclusions\n\nTogether, the presence of high frequencies of known insecticide resistance markers suggests that An. gambiae populations may be largely refractory to pyrethroids and moderately resistant to organophosphate (OPs) insecticides in western Ethiopia. Findings necessitate a better understanding of the An. gambiae geographical distribution in Ethiopia, accompanied by resistance-informed malaria control interventions targeting the vector.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. gemechufekadu@gmail.com.",
    "Center for Pathobiology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. gemechufekadu@gmail.com.",
    "Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.",
    "Center for Pathobiology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.",
    "Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.",
    "Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.",
    "Ellison Institute of Technology, Littlemore, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK.",
    "Center for Pathobiology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. lemu.golassa@aau.edu.et."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fekadu Gemechu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kelly L Bennett"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sisay Dugassa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anastasia Hernandez-Koutoucheva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Araya Eukubay"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Alistair Miles"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Deriba Abera"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chris S Clarkson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Lemu Golassa"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tkgafm83ryf6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13071-026-07582-z",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726317",
  "id": "8tkgafm83ryf6",
  "issns": [
    "1756-3305"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972566",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Malaria Research and Control"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172496956",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13726317?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726317",
  "pmid": "42972566",
  "published": "2026-08-05",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tkgafm83ryf6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:45Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42972566",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972566"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:41Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726317",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-026-07582-z"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Malaria Research and Control",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Genomic analysis reveals selection pressure and the emergence of molecular insecticide resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, from Western Ethiopia.",
  "title_text": "Genomic analysis reveals selection pressure and the emergence of molecular insecticide resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, from Western Ethiopia.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8tkgafm83ryf6",
  "venue": "Parasites & vectors",
  "versions": []
}