{
  "abstract": "Objective: Mindfulness is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for mental health. However, little is known about the underlying neurological mechanisms involved, especially glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the excitation-inhibition (E-I) balance. This study examined changes in these markers after mindfulness training and whether these changes are related to the baseline dopamine transporter (DAT) availability. We also probed the associations with outcome markers of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training.\n\nMethods: In this single-arm pilot study, 11 participants with Graves’ disease were enrolled and received MBSR training. Single-photon emission computed tomography study using [99mTc]TRODAT-1 was employed to assess DAT availability before the intervention, and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess the concentrations of glutamate, GABA, and the E-I balance. Attention and heart rate variability (HRV) were also measured before/after MBSR training.\n\nResults: An elevated E-I balance and reduced GABA concentration after MBSR training were found. A lower baseline DAT availability was associated with a greater increase in glutamate and a greater increase in the E-I balance. A greater E-I balance after training was related to a greater frequency of HRV and better attention performance after the intervention.\n\nConclusion: The findings are novel. An elevated E-I balance could be the short-term effect of MBSR training, and this effect was greater among participants with a lower level of DAT availability at baseline. This finding may imply that excitation-related processes, such as neuroplasticity, could be the overlooked mechanism of mindfulness training.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan",
    "Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan",
    "Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan",
    "Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan",
    "Department of General Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan",
    "Department of Surgery, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan",
    "Asian International Thyroid Center, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Hsien Lin",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9904-8300"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Abdullah",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1822-4152"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Huai-Hsuan Tseng",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5213-1585"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Po See Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4963-578X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Nan Tsing Chiu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7153-593X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Ming Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0186-7316"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yen Kuang Yang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9355-9636"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vf4s55rwtr3j.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.9758/cpn.26.1420",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13720484/",
  "id": "8vf4s55rwtr3j",
  "issns": [
    "1738-1088",
    "2093-4327"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.26.1420",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3203|Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213330532",
  "pdf_url": "https://pdf.medrang.co.kr/CPN2/ahead/cpn2035.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13720484",
  "pmid": "42947597",
  "published": "2026-09-16",
  "publisher": "Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vf4s55rwtr3j.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:21Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720484",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.26.1420"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3203|Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Probing the Effect of Mindfulness Training on Glutamate/GABA Ratio and Its Association with Dopamine Availability: A Preliminary Single-arm Pilot Study",
  "title_text": "Probing the Effect of Mindfulness Training on Glutamate/GABA Ratio and Its Association with Dopamine Availability: A Preliminary Single-arm Pilot Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:21Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vf4s55rwtr3j",
  "venue": "Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}