{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nInsulin resistance is associated with thyroid nodule formation. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a widely recognized surrogate for insulin resistance, and its clinical value increases when integrated with adiposity indices. We tested whether an elevated triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio (TyG-WHtR) is independently associated with incident thyroid nodules.Methods\n\nThis prospective cohort study recruited 65,347 participants between January and December 2021, with follow-up surveys conducted between January and December 2025. We examined associations of baseline and cumulative TyG-WHtR quartiles with thyroid nodule occurrence using multivariable binary logistic regression. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models tested nonlinear trends in the association between thyroid nodules and TyG-WHtR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the area under the curve (AUC) across four metabolic metrics: baseline TyG, WHtR, TyG-WHtR, as well as cumulative TyG-WHtR, with thyroid nodule status as the outcome. We also conducted subgroup and sensitivity analyses, which collectively confirmed the robustness of our observed associations.Results\n\nDuring a mean follow-up of 4.08 ± 0.27 years, 4,029 participants (15.8%) were diagnosed with thyroid nodules by 2025. In fully adjusted models, the highest versus lowest quartile of baseline TyG-WHtR showed an OR of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.22-2.02), and cumulative TyG-WHtR yielded an OR of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.25-1.96). Each 1-SD increment in baseline and cumulative TyG-WHtR corresponded to ORs of 1.15 (1.05-1.26) and 1.17 (1.07-1.27), respectively. RCS analyses confirmed linear dose-response relationships for both (P for nonlinearity > 0.05). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that cumulative TyG-WHtR had the highest AUC (0.539) for thyroid nodules.Conclusions\n\nTyG-WHtR is independently associated with thyroid nodule risk, with cumulative TyG-WHtR showing a stronger association than baseline TyG-WHtR. Maintaining favorable TyG and waist circumference levels over time may reduce thyroid nodule risk in this Chinese population.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Health Management & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.",
    "Physical Examination Center, Yunyang County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China.",
    "Animal Experimental Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.",
    "Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ling Deng",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7467-0224"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yi Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yaojia Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoxia Zheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Min Ren"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Min Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yang Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vgm201qqhqbg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1080/07853890.2026.2748230",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686191",
  "id": "8vgm201qqhqbg",
  "issns": [
    "0785-3890",
    "1365-2060"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897960",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223068418",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686191?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13686191",
  "pmid": "42897960",
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vgm201qqhqbg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:32Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42897960",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897960"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and incident thyroid nodules: a prospective cohort study.",
  "title_text": "Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and incident thyroid nodules: a prospective cohort study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vgm201qqhqbg",
  "venue": "Annals of medicine",
  "versions": []
}