{
  "abstract": "Background: As a classic traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is widely used in cancer treatment. We found that the panaxadiol derivative 6a inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, but its anti-metastatic effect and mechanism remain unclear. Materials and methods: Multiple breast cancer cell lines were used to assess the in vitro antiproliferative and antimigratory activities of 6a. A lung metastasis model, small animal imaging, and pathological examination were employed for in vivo efficacy evaluation. Metabolomic analysis and experimental validation focused on key metabolites and signaling pathways. Results: Compound 6a effectively inhibited proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, showing stronger activity than panaxadiol and ginsenoside Rg3. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of 6a on breast cancer cells was achieved by effectively regulating the “fatty acid degradation” pathway. Focusing on palmitoylcarnitine (PC), a key differential metabolite, we further analyzed its association with the DLL4-Notch signaling pathway. The results indicated that compound 6a interfered with cancer cell metastasis through the DLL4-Notch pathway and related metastasis signaling pathways, and further promoted the accumulation of PC. In in vitro validation, as the concentration of PC increased, it exhibited the same inhibitory effect on cancer cells as that of 6a. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study systematically evaluated the inhibitory effect of the ginsenoside derivative 6a on breast cancer lung metastasis. This study not only provides insights for exploring the activity of panaxadiol, but also offers evidence for the application of ginsenosides in cancer therapeutic drugs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Taihang Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030600, China",
    "Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China",
    "Institute of Taihang Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030600, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, NO.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Corresponding author. Institute of Taihang Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030600, China.",
    "Institute of Taihang Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030600, China; Corresponding author.",
    "Yanbian University, Yanji, 13300, China; Corresponding author."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shengnan Xiao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lianmei Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tianyi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xueqian Bai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhenyu Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhi Chai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yuqing Zhao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vvrnvkpg1f08.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101122",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122684532600148X",
  "id": "8vvrnvkpg1f08",
  "issns": [
    "1226-8453",
    "2093-4947"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101122",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "QK1-989"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172308688",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711449?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13711449",
  "pmid": "42948603",
  "published": "2026-08-03",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vvrnvkpg1f08.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
      "native_id": "17d9001cdcab4712aa1a0572a7b55338",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101122"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948603",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948603"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:13Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711449",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101122"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Panaxadiol derivatives inhibit lung metastasis of breast cancer via DLL4-Notch signaling pathway and palmitoyl carnitine aggregation",
  "title_text": "Panaxadiol derivatives inhibit lung metastasis of breast cancer via DLL4-Notch signaling pathway and palmitoyl carnitine aggregation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8vvrnvkpg1f08",
  "venue": "Journal of Ginseng Research",
  "versions": []
}