{
  "abstract": "With the increasing renewable penetration in electrical grids, high power ramp rates can lead to grid instability. Power ramp-rate control (PRRC) requirements are being implemented in an increasing number of countries, with penalties for non-compliance. While curtailment and power reservation enable ramp-rate control without energy storage, they inherently decrease the grid-injected energy and generation revenue. Battery storage avoids these drawbacks while reducing violations, and can also be used for arbitrage to increase profitability. This study proposes a simulation-based optimization framework to maximize the net present value (NPV) of battery storage integrated into PV, wind, and hybrid PV–wind systems under two distinct penalty schemes. A battery-based PRRC is compared with curtailment and power reserve strategies, revealing that battery storage yields the highest NPV and the fewest ramp-rate violations. Using Spain’s 2025 hourly electricity market prices and current utility-scale battery costs, the system with an LTO (high C-rate) battery-based PRRC under a 10%/min ramp-rate limit achieves an NPV comparable to the unconstrained case. Battery arbitrage under these conditions is not worthwhile, as the NPV improvement is negligible. Under a hypothetical stretched price scenario (average price: 102.9 EUR/MWh; average daily spread: 232.1 EUR/MWh), energy arbitrage using an LFP battery (low C-rate) becomes highly profitable. Relative to the unconstrained baseline, this strategy yields net present value (NPV) improvements of 17% for the wind system and 28% for the hybrid PV–wind system. Furthermore, the NPV for the PV system shifts from −2 million EUR to 6 million EUR, demonstrating that arbitrage viability depends heavily on market price volatility.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rodolfo Dufo-López",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1490-6423"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Juan M. Lujano-Rojas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "José L. Bernal-Agustín",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2813-1240"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8wwdywxky66nq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12100435",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "8wwdywxky66nq",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/435",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2102|Power Systems and Renewable Energy"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222671790",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8wwdywxky66nq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:47Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12100435",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/435"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Economic Optimization of Battery Storage for Power Ramp- Rate Control and Energy Arbitrage in PV and Wind Power Systems",
  "title_text": "Economic Optimization of Battery Storage for Power Ramp- Rate Control and Energy Arbitrage in PV and Wind Power Systems",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8wwdywxky66nq",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}