{
  "abstract": "Descriptions of how pediatric-focused institutions implement pharmacogenomic testing are scarce, and often not differentiated from adult-focused institutions. We aimed to provide a detailed description of how pediatric-focused institutions across the world implemented pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice. A survey was distributed to members of the Pharmacogenomics Global Research Network to assess program infrastructure, implementation efforts, genes tested, method of testing, and clinical decision support. The survey was completed by 43 institutions that have implemented pharmacogenomics: 12 pediatric-focused, 10 adult-focused, and 21 institutions serving all ages. All pediatric-focused institutions provide testing for CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, NUDT15, and TPMT. Psychiatry and hematology/oncology were the specialties most commonly reported as implementing pharmacogenomics at pediatric-focused institutions. Most institutions have clinical decision support incorporated into their electronic health record and a similar number of compensated employees contributing to the program, regardless of age group focus. All pediatric-focused institutions were non-profit and often received programmatic funding from internal sources. A higher proportion of pediatric-focused sites provided patient education (92%) compared to adult-focused (60%) and those caring for all ages (76%). Pediatric-focused institutions interested in implementing or expanding their pharmacogenomic services will encounter many of the same opportunities and considerations as adult institutions. The results of this survey highlight additional unique considerations for pediatric-focused pharmacogenomic implementation and may serve as a roadmap for pediatric institutions interested in implementing or expanding pharmacogenomic services.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.",
    "Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.",
    "St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.",
    "University of Florida College of Pharmacy and Nemours Children's Health, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.",
    "Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.",
    "Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.",
    "Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.",
    "School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.",
    "School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.",
    "Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.",
    "Personalized Medication Management Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Services and Sciences, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt.",
    "Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.",
    "Sanford Imagenetics, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA.",
    "MedStar Health, Columbia, Maryland, USA.",
    "Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.",
    "Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.",
    "Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laura B Ramsey",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6417-3961"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chad Bousman",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6303-8696"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca Brand"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Kelsey Cook",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0184-7022"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "David B Gregornik",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9856-7205"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Cyrine E Haidar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8998-2551"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Nancy Hakooz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7973-0473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Nicole Keuler",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5324-9470"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Nathan Lamb",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-4052-1319"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Nagy",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9807-788X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jenny Q Nguyen",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-7190-1231"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Courtney Paetznick",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-9537-2103"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "April Schultz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14,
        15
      ],
      "name": "D Max Smith",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3667-2936"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8592-7790"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Amanda L Elchynski",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4020-7052"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8zew5kr4825pw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/cpt.70553",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744161",
  "id": "8zew5kr4825pw",
  "issns": [
    "0009-9236",
    "1532-6535"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42998038",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3004|Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225459261",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744161?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13744161",
  "pmid": "42998038",
  "published": "2026-11-07",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8zew5kr4825pw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42998038",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42998038"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3004|Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Implementation of Pharmacogenomics in Pediatric-Focused Institutions Within the Pharmacogenomics Global Research Network.",
  "title_text": "Implementation of Pharmacogenomics in Pediatric-Focused Institutions Within the Pharmacogenomics Global Research Network.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/8zew5kr4825pw",
  "venue": "Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics",
  "versions": []
}