{
  "abstract": "Smoking and alcohol misuse are associated with reductions in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We investigated plasma fatty acid (FA) profiles and in vivo n-6 PUFA metabolism in male and female participants who either smoked or did not smoke cigarettes. Participants followed self-selected (SS), fish-based (FB), and beef-based (BB) diets for 3 weeks each. Participants diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) were included. Individuals received 2H5-18:2n-6 ethyl ester orally. Endogenous FA were analyzed using gas chromatography and the 2H5-n-6 PUFA by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The concentration-time curves for the 2H5-n-6 PUFA were fit to a compartmental model. Among nonsmoking individuals, the FB diet elevated plasma 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 by 2.5-fold. This was not observed in smokers. Male smokers had higher plasma FA levels on both the SS and BB diets compared to nonsmokers and heightened synthesis of 2H5-20:4n-6. In female smokers, 2H5-20:4n-6 synthesis was suppressed on SS diets. In AUD males, plasma n-3 PUFA were lower compared to smokers, and both AUD males and females had diminished synthesis of 2H5-20:4n-6 compared to smokers. In smokers, turnover of plasma 20:4n-6 was lower relative to nonsmokers. In AUD males, turnover of 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6 were also lower compared to smokers. Smoking had a major impact on FA profiles in males, but the effects on n-6 PUFA metabolism between males and females were diverse. The FB diet did not elevate plasma n-3 PUFA in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Smoking and alcohol use profoundly altered plasma lipids and n-6 PUFA metabolism in male and female subjects.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Office of Scientific Director, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA",
    "Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA",
    "School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Robert J. Pawlosky"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yu-Hong Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Joseph R. Hibbeln"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Norman Salem"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/90ratf8c1bj89.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jlr.2026.101134",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734827/",
  "id": "90ratf8c1bj89",
  "issns": [
    "0022-2275",
    "1539-7262"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2026.101134",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2916|Fatty Acid Research and Health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214376699",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(26)00164-1/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13734827",
  "pmid": "42790704",
  "published": "2026-09-25",
  "publisher": "American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/90ratf8c1bj89.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:20:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13734827",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2026.101134"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:0022-2275",
      "subfield": "enzymology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of diet, smoking, and chronic alcohol misuse on plasma lipid profiles and n-6 essential fatty acid metabolism in males and females",
  "title_text": "Effects of diet, smoking, and chronic alcohol misuse on plasma lipid profiles and n-6 essential fatty acid metabolism in males and females",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:20:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/90ratf8c1bj89",
  "venue": "Journal of Lipid Research",
  "versions": []
}