{
  "abstract": "Background: Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of radiological imaging has emerged as a valuable tool in surgical oncology, with applications spanning diagnostics, perioperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and patient communication. Despite its growing clinical relevance, integration into routine surgical workflows remains inconsistent and poorly standardized across specialties. Methods: We describe select cases illustrating a multispecialty feasibility and implementation experience evaluating the integration of 3D reconstruction, 3D printing, and augmented reality into surgical oncology workflows across a comprehensive cancer center. Describing cases and series of interest, we demonstrate how a structured implementation workflow was applied covering image acquisition, segmentation, volumetric rendering, and modality selection based on the specific clinical problem. A feasibility framework is proposed in terms of workflow integration, modality-to-problem fit, and clinical utility as described by the operating team. Results: Seven select case groups spanning pediatric, head and neck, urologic, gynecologic, and thoracic surgical oncology were included, with group sizes ranging from 1 to 14 patients. In 3 patients with hepatoblastoma, 3D printed anatomical models were successfully integrated into patient and family education consultations to convey tumor extent and the scope of planned resection. Segmentation-based visualization was implemented for preoperative planning in 2 patients with skull base malignancies, with the 3D workflow described as useful for operative planning by the operating team in both cases. Augmented reality (AR)-assisted 3D reconstruction was incorporated into the planning workflow for 3 patients undergoing robotic partial nephrectomy for complex renal tumors, facilitating review of vascular anatomy and assessment of the feasibility of nephron-sparing surgery. In 2 patients with suspected advanced ovarian cancer, volumetric rendering with AR was integrated into preoperative resectability planning. Among 14 patients undergoing chest wall tumor resection, patient-specific 3D printed ribcage replicas were used for preoperative implant preparation. In a separate cohort of 2 chest wall patients, AR visualization was used for spatial surgical planning. Conclusions: Across diverse oncologic contexts and surgical specialties, 3D reconstruction, printing, and augmented reality were successfully integrated into existing perioperative workflows, with each modality selected based on the specific clinical problem at hand. This experience describes a structured, modality-matched implementation framework that may serve as a practical starting point for institutions seeking to incorporate these technologies. Prospective, controlled studies are needed to establish independent clinical benefit. Broader adoption will require standardized selection criteria, prospective evaluation, and workflow adaptation for centers beyond high-volume academic institutions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA",
    "Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA",
    "Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ahmad Oudeh",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-4650-2188"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hayun H. Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Samer Michael",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2026-9328"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jeremy W. Jen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1360-8077"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Noah Frydenlund"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jacqueline S. Cho",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-9084-9493"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tulsi Patel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sameer Kaza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Justin T. Gerstle"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gerald Behr"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anita Price"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan A. Coleman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Whitney Sutton"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gaetano Rocco",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4150-8604"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Joshua N. Honeyman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Javin Schefflein",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3096-9643"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92098ezb2022f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18223627",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "92098ezb2022f",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/22/3627",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-13",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92098ezb2022f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-13T12:20:46Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18223627",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/22/3627"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6694",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three-Dimensional Imaging, Printing, and Augmented Reality in Surgical Oncology: A Descriptive Implementation Framework at a Comprehensive Cancer Center",
  "title_text": "Three-Dimensional Imaging, Printing, and Augmented Reality in Surgical Oncology: A Descriptive Implementation Framework at a Comprehensive Cancer Center",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-15T00:21:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92098ezb2022f",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}