{
  "abstract": "High-density potassium formate fracturing fluids require polymers that hydrate in concentrated brine while providing low friction and proppant suspension at high temperature. We hypothesized that the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) content balances salt-tolerant hydration against molar-mass-dependent chain entanglement, enabling a reversible non-crosslinked network. Five hydrophobically associating copolymers based on acrylamide (AM) and AMPS, with AMPS feed contents of 5.5-23.8 wt%, were synthesized by low-temperature micellar copolymerization followed by post-hydrolysis. Polymer structure, molar mass, and solution conformation were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering. Hydration and thickening were evaluated in 1.40 g/cm³ potassium formate brine, followed by rheological testing at 160 °C, pipe-flow drag-reduction testing, and static proppant-suspension testing. Increasing the AMPS feed content decreased the weight-average molar mass from 25.83 × 10⁶ to 9.26 × 10⁶ g/mol, increased the chain-conformation exponent from 0.570 to 0.610, and shortened the time required to reach 90% hydration (t₉₀) from approximately 118 to 48 min. SN-4, containing 17.9 wt% AMPS, provided the best overall balance. A 0.60 wt% SN-4 fluid retained approximately 63 mPa·s after shearing at 160 °C and 170 s⁻¹ and recovered 92.1% of its viscosity after 300 s. Fresh and thermally sheared-recovered fluids maintained drag-reduction rates above 60%, and the recovered fluid reduced proppant settling velocity by 97.4%. These results support the proposed balance and demonstrate the potential of this reversible network for high-temperature weighted fracturing fluids in deep hydrocarbon reservoirs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "CNPC Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China.",
    "R&D Center for Ultra Deep Complex Reservoir Exploration and Development, CNPC, Korla 841000, China.",
    "Engineering Research Center for Ultra-Deep Complex Reservoir Exploration and Development, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Korla 841000, China.",
    "Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas, Korla 841000, China.",
    "School of Oil & Natural Gas Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jv Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xin Qiao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jianxin Peng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Lili Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Qingsong Cheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fei Peng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Bowen Zhong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shulong Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Lingfeng Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yang Bai"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92ntpy6g8qj4g.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100905",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704493",
  "id": "92ntpy6g8qj4g",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929939",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2210|Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221316612",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704493?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704493",
  "pmid": "42929939",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92ntpy6g8qj4g.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929939",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929939"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Salt-Tolerant Non-Crosslinked Polymer Networks for High-Temperature Weighted Fracturing Fluids in Deep Hydrocarbon Reservoirs.",
  "title_text": "Salt-Tolerant Non-Crosslinked Polymer Networks for High-Temperature Weighted Fracturing Fluids in Deep Hydrocarbon Reservoirs.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92ntpy6g8qj4g",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}