{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Longitudinal monitoring after CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy primarily focuses on CAR-T-cell expansion. However, comprehensive immunophenotypic characterization of both CAR-T and endogenous T cells remains limited. We investigated longitudinal immune dynamics following tisagenlecleucel treatment using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods: Nineteen patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies (11 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and eight B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) receiving tisagenlecleucel were prospectively enrolled. Serial peripheral blood samples collected during the first 28 days after infusion were analyzed for CAR-T-cell kinetics, differentiation status, activation and exhaustion marker expression, longitudinal phenotypic changes, as well as associations with treatment response and immune-related toxicities. Results: CAR-T-cell expansion predominantly peaked on day 7 after infusion. However, in several patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, delayed peak expansion was observed. At peak expansion, CAR-T-cells were enriched for a central memory phenotype and exhibited significantly higher HLA-DR and PD-1 expression than endogenous T cells. During follow-up, the proportion of central memory T-cells progressively declined, whereas the proportion of terminal effector T-cells increased, which was accompanied by reduced expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and TIGIT. Despite the distinct activation profiles, CAR-T and endogenous T-cells displayed broadly similar differentiation patterns. Exploratory analyses further demonstrated higher absolute CAR-T-cell counts in patients who developed immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Conclusions: This clinically applicable approach provides immunophenotypic information beyond CAR-T-cell enumeration alone and may facilitate biomarker discovery and longitudinal immune monitoring in patients receiving CAR-T-cell therapy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Songeui Campus, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital and Leukemia Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sungyu Jee",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-8626-9006"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Taewon Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hyunjoo Bae"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Takho Kang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-5862-1858"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jin Jung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yonggoo Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Myungshin Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8632-0168"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jae Won Yoo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Gi-June Min",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7636-4693"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dong Wook Jekarl"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jong-Mi Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2890-5285"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92w64hsyn42xy.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18203374",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702454/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "92w64hsyn42xy",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3374",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|CAR-T cell therapy research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221073118",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702454/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13702454",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92w64hsyn42xy.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18203374",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3374"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13702454",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13702454"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|CAR-T cell therapy research",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Longitudinal Flow Cytometric Profiling of CAR-T and Endogenous T Cells Following CD19 CAR-T Therapy",
  "title_text": "Longitudinal Flow Cytometric Profiling of CAR-T and Endogenous T Cells Following CD19 CAR-T Therapy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92w64hsyn42xy",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}