{
  "abstract": "Urothelial carcinoma is a common urinary malignancy with high incidence, recurrence, and mortality. Early diagnosis is pivotal for improving patient outcomes. Current standards have important limitations: cystoscopy, although the cornerstone of diagnosis and surveillance, is invasive and costly, while cytology has limited sensitivity for low-grade or early-stage lesions. Urine, as a liquid biopsy, offers a non-invasive and repeatable approach for sampling urogenital pathology, with the potential for longitudinal monitoring through serial collection. The review covers urinary multi-omics biomarkers, including cfDNA/methylation, miRNAs, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and proteomic/metabolomic signatures. We summarize their performance in early detection, staging, and postoperative monitoring. Integrated multi-analyte models, including true multi-omics assays and multiplex single-omics panels, generally outperform single biomarkers, with some panels achieving >90% sensitivity and >95% specificity in prospective cohorts. Despite progress, several challenges remain: standardization, large-scale prospective validation, and regulatory/reimbursement barriers. We conclude that urinary multi-omics diagnostics are promising complementary tools that may optimize surveillance and risk stratification. Still, limited prospective validation, lack of standardization, and the persistent risk of false-negative results constrain adoption. On current evidence, they are not positioned to replace cystoscopy, which remains the cornerstone of diagnosis and surveillance, particularly in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, their most realistic and immediate clinical role is as a triage tool to optimize the selective use of cystoscopy—particularly for risk-stratifying patients with hematuria, adjudicating equivocal cytology, and potentially reducing the frequency of invasive surveillance in low-risk NMIBC patients.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuxin Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Baoshan Gao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92zxk75hez288.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2026.1984066",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688251",
  "id": "92zxk75hez288",
  "issns": [
    "2234-943X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1984066/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221064465",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688251?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13688251",
  "pmid": "42923287",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92zxk75hez288.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:13Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fonc.2026.1984066",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1984066/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42923287",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923287"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Research progress and clinical translation prospects of multiple urinary biomarkers in non-invasive diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma",
  "title_text": "Research progress and clinical translation prospects of multiple urinary biomarkers in non-invasive diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/92zxk75hez288",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Oncology",
  "versions": []
}