{
  "abstract": "Purpose:: To investigate the adenosine receptor (AR) mechanism underlying bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)-related bladder dysfunction, we examined the expression level of AR subtypes in bladder tissues, and the effects of AR subtypes A2B & A3 modulation on bladder activity using male BOO rats, and Dahl rats with A2B receptor deletion.\n\nMaterials and Methods:: BOO was induced by partial ligation of the proximal urethra in male Sprague-Dawley rats. At 4 weeks after BOO, conscious cystometrograms (CMG) were performed with the urethral ligature being intact. The effects of AR A3 agonist (2CL-IB-MECA) and AR A3 antagonist (MRS3777) were examined by intravesical administration. Furthermore, we examined the difference of bladder function of AR subtypes between AR A2B knockout (A2B-KO) and wild-type groups of male Dahl rats. mRNA levels of AR subtypes in bladder tissues were also analyzed.\n\nResults:: BOO versus sham rats showed heavier bladder weights, higher contraction amplitudes, and increased numbers of non-voiding contractions (NVCs) during the filling phase. In the bladder mucosa – but not the detrusor - of BOO versus sham rats, mRNA expression levels of A2A and A3 AR were significantly increased, while A2B levels were significantly decreased. In BOO rats, an A3 antagonist (MRS 3777; 10 and 100 μM) had no effect on CMG parameters. However, a high dose of an A3 agonist (2CL-IB-MECA; 100 μM) significantly increased NVCs (p = 0.0034), an effect that was blocked by the A3 antagonist. Additionally, compared to wild-type rats, A2B-KO rats showed a significant increase in the number of NVCs (p = 0.0039).\n\nConclusions:: A2B AR down-regulation in BOO rats and A2B deletion in Dahl rats could contribute to the development of bladder overactivity. Moreover, a high-level of exogenous activation of A3 ARs might exacerbate bladder overactivity in BOO.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    "Department of Systems Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan",
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    "Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    "Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
    "Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Masahiro Kurobe",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5819-523X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ei-ichiro Takaoka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1814-8949"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kanako Matsuoka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0731-4577"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shingo Kimura",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2164-3091"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anne M. Robertson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5063-4293"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Edwin K. Jackson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8101-6009"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Lori A. Birder",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3393-2256"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Minoru Miyazato",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3669-4510"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Naoki Yoshimura",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8070-1664"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93kz1hwncx60a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/nau.70430",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13728411/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "93kz1hwncx60a",
  "issns": [
    "0733-2467",
    "1520-6777"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13728411",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2748|Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204768219",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13728411/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13728411",
  "pmid": "42670595",
  "published": "2026-08-31",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93kz1hwncx60a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13728411",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13728411"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:21:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13728411",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.70430"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2748|Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Functional Roles of Adenosine A2B and A3 Receptor Subtypes in the Bladder of Male Rats With A2B Receptor Deletion or Bladder Outlet Obstruction",
  "title_text": "Functional Roles of Adenosine A2B and A3 Receptor Subtypes in the Bladder of Male Rats With A2B Receptor Deletion or Bladder Outlet Obstruction",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:21:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93kz1hwncx60a",
  "venue": "Neurourology and urodynamics",
  "versions": []
}