{
  "abstract": "The progesterone receptor (PGR) is involved in processes associated with tumor progression, also in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is characterized by regional heterogeneity, with distinct tumor areas differing in their cellular profiles and access to nutrients and oxygen. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the tumor microenvironment on PGR mRNA and protein expression and to characterize PGR expression in different regions of GBM. To this end, GBM tumor tissues were collected from patients, and an in vitro model was established using the U87 cell line to reproduce hypoxic (H) and nutrient-deficient (ND) conditions. PGR mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR, while PGR protein expression was analyzed using ELISA, Western blot, confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. The microenvironmental conditions examined, including H and ND, did not affect PGR protein expression in U87 cells, while H conditions significantly increased PGR mRNA expression. Different GBM regions showed variable levels of PGR protein expression, with the highest expression observed at the peritumoral area. No effect of sex on PGR expression was observed in any of the GBM regions analyzed. Overall, the results indicate regional heterogeneity of PGR expression in GBM.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery,Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland",
    "Department of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Epigenetics, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland",
    "The Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Donata Szubert",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8517-0364"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Klaudyna Kojder"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dariusz Jeżewski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Maciej Tarnowski",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3869-5077"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Patrycja Tomasiak",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8147-6419"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Katarzyna Piotrowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4472-0830"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Agnieszka Kolasa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6933-7643"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mateusz Bosiacki",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2279-4329"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Izabela Szućko-Kociuba",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2974-1908"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maciej Kołodziejczak",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-5551-1659"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Patrycja Kapczuk",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2766-7783"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93ye61y8e2z3m.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209253",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705087/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "93ye61y8e2z3m",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9253",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2716|Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222980871",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705087/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705087",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93ye61y8e2z3m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209253",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9253"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13705087",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705087"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2716|Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "human-genetics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Progesterone Receptor Expression in Different Regions of Glioblastoma Multiforme and in an In Vitro Model",
  "title_text": "Progesterone Receptor Expression in Different Regions of Glioblastoma Multiforme and in an In Vitro Model",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93ye61y8e2z3m",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}