{
  "abstract": "Simvastatin has recognized osteoinductive properties, but its application in regenerative strategies is limited by poor aqueous behavior and a narrow cytocompatible dosing window. Here, we developed simvastatin-loaded poly(lactide) nanoparticles and evaluated whether nanoparticle-mediated delivery improves cytocompatibility and early osteogenic-associated responses of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) compared with free simvastatin. Nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, showing spherical morphology and a mean diameter of approximately 150 nm. Cellular internalization was confirmed using rhodamine-labeled nanoparticles and confocal microscopy, demonstrating efficient uptake with predominantly cytoplasmic localization. In hPDLSCs, nanoparticle-delivered simvastatin improved short-term cytocompatibility and enhanced mineralization together with increased periostin and osteocalcin secretion, with the most pronounced differences observed at day 14, whereas mineralization outcomes converged between delivery formats by day 21. Complementary clonogenic assays in osteoblasts demonstrated that nanoparticle-mediated delivery attenuated simvastatin-associated loss of long-term proliferative capacity relative to free simvastatin under the tested conditions. These findings indicate that poly(lactide) nanoparticles may improve the cytocompatible delivery profile of simvastatin and preferentially enhance early osteogenic-associated responses in vitro in hPDLSCs, supporting further investigation of controlled simvastatin delivery strategies for periodontal regenerative applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota",
    "Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo",
    "Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California",
    "Department of Dental Clinics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Juiz de Fora",
    "School of Dentistry, Universidade São Francisco - USF",
    "School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás",
    "Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tomaz Alves"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Priscila Lucena Mendes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marlus da Silva Pedrosa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Danilo Balzarini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Letícia Miquelitto Gasparoni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aldrin Huamán-Mendoza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Bruno Nunes de França"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Danillo Fabrini Maciel Costa Veloso"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Eliana Martins Lima"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Carla Renata Sipert"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Carlos Adde"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marinella Holzhausen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93zpyvbe7yebt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-63776-6",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63776-6",
  "id": "93zpyvbe7yebt",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63776-6",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "Q"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Bone Tissue Engineering Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171302034",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-63776-6_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93zpyvbe7yebt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T14:21:19Z",
      "native_id": "0b158cefc06b4145ab08197d22e9ad5b",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63776-6"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:R",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Sustained simvastatin delivery via poly(lactide) nanoparticles enhances early osteogenic-associated responses in human periodontal ligament stem cells",
  "title_text": "Sustained simvastatin delivery via poly(lactide) nanoparticles enhances early osteogenic-associated responses in human periodontal ligament stem cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T14:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/93zpyvbe7yebt",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}