{
  "abstract": "In low-inertia AC microgrids, voltage formation, frequency support, power sharing, and disturbance rejection are performed by grid-forming (GFM) converters. Current systems often design these functions individually for a fixed, cooperatively tuned converter population. Adding, removing, or losing a unit requires retuning, which may jeopardize stability. We present a generic decentralized plug-and-play (PnP) design for all grid-forming (GFM) converters by including the same kernel, i.e., droop primary regulation, adaptive virtual impedance, sparse consensus-based secondary restoration, and trust-weighted resilient coordination, under a local passivity-based admission test. Under explicitly stated assumptions (quasi-stationary lossy lines, a feasible equilibrium, a connected electrical network and a bounded admission rate), we prove that a converter with normalized passivity index exceeding a strictly positive margin can be admitted or removed without neighbor retuning, that stability is preserved during the finite-time admission ramp and not only at its end points, and that the conductive (R/X) coupling of real feeders enters the test as a bounded, locally computable defect. The same certificate bounds the perturbation that false-data-injection (FDI) attacks can cause through the trust-weighted consensus, with an explicit relation between attack magnitude, residual threshold, trust weight, and perturbation. Validation is software-only: a detailed averaged three-converter Simulink model, a small-signal model with the exact lossy Jacobian for $$\\:N\\:=\\:2-128$$ converters, several electrical and communication graphs, heterogeneous ratings and lines, sequential and simultaneous multi-unit events, a documented Monte-Carlo campaign and a 15-scenario FDI campaign. In the detailed model, admitting a converter causes a peak PCC voltage deviation of 1.79% (settling in 58 ms), and the harmonic kernel (current feed-forward plus selective resonant feedback of the PCC voltage) lowers PCC voltage THD from 9.19% to 3.33%, within the 5% limit. The computed minimum passivity index during admission is 0.723 over $$\\:N\\:=\\:2-8$$ and remains between 0.723 and 0.885 up to $$\\:N\\:=\\:128$$ ; the Monte-Carlo violation probability is 0.002 for design tolerances ( $$\\:M\\:=\\:1000$$ ). Real-time hardware-in-the-loop testing was not performed and is identified as future work.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Abhay Chaturvedi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dinesh Kumar Nishad"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kamlesh Kumar Bharti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Raghvendra Tiwari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Molla Addisu Mossie"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/94axsqkn2y66p.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-76716-1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "94axsqkn2y66p",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76716-1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2207|Microgrid Control and Optimization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224097044",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/94axsqkn2y66p.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-76716-1",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76716-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Decentralized plug-and-play control of grid-forming converters for resilient and scalable AC microgrids: a passivity-based unified architecture",
  "title_text": "Decentralized plug-and-play control of grid-forming converters for resilient and scalable AC microgrids: a passivity-based unified architecture",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/94axsqkn2y66p",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}