{
  "abstract": "Background: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized immune aggregates that can support local adaptive immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. In breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the presence and maturation of TLSs have been associated with prognosis and treatment response; however, heterogeneity in TLS definition, maturation criteria, spatial sampling, and analytical platforms currently limits standardization and routine clinical implementation.\n\nMain body: Conventional histopathology provides structural information but limited molecular resolution, whereas single-cell RNA sequencing loses the spatial context that is central to TLS organization. High-resolution spatial and multi-omics technologies can partly bridge these gaps by characterizing TLS cellular composition, molecular interactions, and tissue architecture in situ . This review summarizes the biological features, histopathological classification, multi-omics characterization, clinical associations, and emerging therapeutic strategies related to TLSs in breast cancer, with particular attention to methodological limitations and translational barriers.\n\nConclusion: More precise characterization of TLSs may inform future biomarker development and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer. Prospective validation, standardized assessment, and demonstration of incremental clinical utility are required before TLS-based approaches can be incorporated into routine clinical decision-making.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chang’e Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haiping Song"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/95qkz8m79kgex.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1892848",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "95qkz8m79kgex",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1892848/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223177512",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1892848/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/95qkz8m79kgex.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1892848",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1892848/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multi-omics of tertiary lymphoid structures in breast cancer: clinical significance and biomarker potential",
  "title_text": "Multi-omics of tertiary lymphoid structures in breast cancer: clinical significance and biomarker potential",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/95qkz8m79kgex",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}